Can the Coordinated Development of Land Urbanization and Population Urbanization Promote Carbon Emission Efficiency? A Multi-Scale Heterogeneity Analysis in China

Coordinating development of land urbanization and population urbanization (CDLUPU) to enhance carbon emission efficiency (<i>CEE</i>) is a critical challenge for developing countries experiencing accelerated urbanization. The coupled coordination model and super efficiency SBM are employ...

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Main Authors: Hanlong Gu, Qi Liu, Ming Cheng, Chongyang Huan, Bingyi Wang, Jiaqian Wu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Land
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/7/1317
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author Hanlong Gu
Qi Liu
Ming Cheng
Chongyang Huan
Bingyi Wang
Jiaqian Wu
author_facet Hanlong Gu
Qi Liu
Ming Cheng
Chongyang Huan
Bingyi Wang
Jiaqian Wu
author_sort Hanlong Gu
collection DOAJ
description Coordinating development of land urbanization and population urbanization (CDLUPU) to enhance carbon emission efficiency (<i>CEE</i>) is a critical challenge for developing countries experiencing accelerated urbanization. The coupled coordination model and super efficiency SBM are employed to estimate the levels of CDLUPU and <i>CEE</i> across 276 prefecture-level cities from 2010 to 2021. Furthermore, we utilize kernel density estimation and Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to explore the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics and spatial effects. The results indicate that CDLUPU levels exhibited a sustained upward trend with diminishing regional disparities, whereas <i>CEE</i> displayed a pattern of initial growth followed by decline. Spatial analyses revealed a consistent gradient structure for both CDLUPU and <i>CEE</i>, characterized by radiation decay from southeastern coastal hubs toward interior hinterlands. CDLUPU exerts a significant positive direct impact and spatial spillover effect and indicates that the spillover effects on peripheral regions are substantially stronger than local effects. Regional heterogeneity analysis reveals that CDLUPU negatively affects <i>CEE</i> in eastern China, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is more pronounced, but it positively impacts central and western China, as well as Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) and Chengdu–Chongqing (CY). Regarding indirect effects, eastern China shows significant positive impact on <i>CEE</i>, and similarly in the YRD. However, central China exhibits a negative effect, whereas BTH shows the opposite trend. Western China and CY show statistically insignificant results. This study offers policy insights for China to coordinate new urbanization strategy and achieve the “dual carbon goal”.
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spelling doaj-art-1909de4de0f144228b2a69e60d0623452025-08-20T02:45:56ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2025-06-01147131710.3390/land14071317Can the Coordinated Development of Land Urbanization and Population Urbanization Promote Carbon Emission Efficiency? A Multi-Scale Heterogeneity Analysis in ChinaHanlong Gu0Qi Liu1Ming Cheng2Chongyang Huan3Bingyi Wang4Jiaqian Wu5College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaCollege of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, ChinaCoordinating development of land urbanization and population urbanization (CDLUPU) to enhance carbon emission efficiency (<i>CEE</i>) is a critical challenge for developing countries experiencing accelerated urbanization. The coupled coordination model and super efficiency SBM are employed to estimate the levels of CDLUPU and <i>CEE</i> across 276 prefecture-level cities from 2010 to 2021. Furthermore, we utilize kernel density estimation and Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to explore the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics and spatial effects. The results indicate that CDLUPU levels exhibited a sustained upward trend with diminishing regional disparities, whereas <i>CEE</i> displayed a pattern of initial growth followed by decline. Spatial analyses revealed a consistent gradient structure for both CDLUPU and <i>CEE</i>, characterized by radiation decay from southeastern coastal hubs toward interior hinterlands. CDLUPU exerts a significant positive direct impact and spatial spillover effect and indicates that the spillover effects on peripheral regions are substantially stronger than local effects. Regional heterogeneity analysis reveals that CDLUPU negatively affects <i>CEE</i> in eastern China, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is more pronounced, but it positively impacts central and western China, as well as Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) and Chengdu–Chongqing (CY). Regarding indirect effects, eastern China shows significant positive impact on <i>CEE</i>, and similarly in the YRD. However, central China exhibits a negative effect, whereas BTH shows the opposite trend. Western China and CY show statistically insignificant results. This study offers policy insights for China to coordinate new urbanization strategy and achieve the “dual carbon goal”.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/7/1317land urbanizationpopulation urbanizationcarbon emission efficiencycoordinated developmentSpatial Durbin Modelheterogeneity
spellingShingle Hanlong Gu
Qi Liu
Ming Cheng
Chongyang Huan
Bingyi Wang
Jiaqian Wu
Can the Coordinated Development of Land Urbanization and Population Urbanization Promote Carbon Emission Efficiency? A Multi-Scale Heterogeneity Analysis in China
Land
land urbanization
population urbanization
carbon emission efficiency
coordinated development
Spatial Durbin Model
heterogeneity
title Can the Coordinated Development of Land Urbanization and Population Urbanization Promote Carbon Emission Efficiency? A Multi-Scale Heterogeneity Analysis in China
title_full Can the Coordinated Development of Land Urbanization and Population Urbanization Promote Carbon Emission Efficiency? A Multi-Scale Heterogeneity Analysis in China
title_fullStr Can the Coordinated Development of Land Urbanization and Population Urbanization Promote Carbon Emission Efficiency? A Multi-Scale Heterogeneity Analysis in China
title_full_unstemmed Can the Coordinated Development of Land Urbanization and Population Urbanization Promote Carbon Emission Efficiency? A Multi-Scale Heterogeneity Analysis in China
title_short Can the Coordinated Development of Land Urbanization and Population Urbanization Promote Carbon Emission Efficiency? A Multi-Scale Heterogeneity Analysis in China
title_sort can the coordinated development of land urbanization and population urbanization promote carbon emission efficiency a multi scale heterogeneity analysis in china
topic land urbanization
population urbanization
carbon emission efficiency
coordinated development
Spatial Durbin Model
heterogeneity
url https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/7/1317
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