Three-Dimensional Culture Systems in Neuroblastoma Research

Basic and translational cancer biology research requires model systems that recapitulate the features of human tumors. While two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have been foundational and allowed critical advances, they lack the organizational complexity, cellular interactions, and extracellular matr...

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Main Authors: Piotr Jung, Adam J. Wolpaw
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Organoids
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/4/2/10
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author Piotr Jung
Adam J. Wolpaw
author_facet Piotr Jung
Adam J. Wolpaw
author_sort Piotr Jung
collection DOAJ
description Basic and translational cancer biology research requires model systems that recapitulate the features of human tumors. While two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have been foundational and allowed critical advances, they lack the organizational complexity, cellular interactions, and extracellular matrix present in vivo. Mouse models have thus remained the gold standard for studying cancer. In addition to high cost and low throughput, mouse models can also suffer from reduced tumor heterogeneity and species-specific differences. Three-dimensional (3D) culture models have emerged as a key intermediary between 2D cell lines and mouse models, with lower cost and greater flexibility than mouse models and a more accurate representation of the tumor microenvironment than 2D cell lines. In neuroblastoma, an aggressive childhood cancer, 3D models have been applied to study drug responses, cell motility, and tumor–matrix interactions. Recent advances include the integration of immune cells for immunotherapy studies, mesenchymal stromal cells for tumor–stroma interactions, and bioprinted systems to manipulate matrix properties. This review examines the use of 3D culture systems in neuroblastoma, highlighting their advantages and limitations while emphasizing their potential to bridge gaps between in vitro, preclinical, and clinical applications. By improving our understanding of neuroblastoma biology, 3D models hold promise for advancing therapeutic strategies and outcomes in this childhood cancer.
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spelling doaj-art-1907eb6d326541a1bab942ec8fbbcd322025-08-20T02:21:49ZengMDPI AGOrganoids2674-11722025-05-01421010.3390/organoids4020010Three-Dimensional Culture Systems in Neuroblastoma ResearchPiotr Jung0Adam J. Wolpaw1Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADivision of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USABasic and translational cancer biology research requires model systems that recapitulate the features of human tumors. While two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have been foundational and allowed critical advances, they lack the organizational complexity, cellular interactions, and extracellular matrix present in vivo. Mouse models have thus remained the gold standard for studying cancer. In addition to high cost and low throughput, mouse models can also suffer from reduced tumor heterogeneity and species-specific differences. Three-dimensional (3D) culture models have emerged as a key intermediary between 2D cell lines and mouse models, with lower cost and greater flexibility than mouse models and a more accurate representation of the tumor microenvironment than 2D cell lines. In neuroblastoma, an aggressive childhood cancer, 3D models have been applied to study drug responses, cell motility, and tumor–matrix interactions. Recent advances include the integration of immune cells for immunotherapy studies, mesenchymal stromal cells for tumor–stroma interactions, and bioprinted systems to manipulate matrix properties. This review examines the use of 3D culture systems in neuroblastoma, highlighting their advantages and limitations while emphasizing their potential to bridge gaps between in vitro, preclinical, and clinical applications. By improving our understanding of neuroblastoma biology, 3D models hold promise for advancing therapeutic strategies and outcomes in this childhood cancer.https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/4/2/10neuroblastoma3D culturespheroidstumorspheresorganoids
spellingShingle Piotr Jung
Adam J. Wolpaw
Three-Dimensional Culture Systems in Neuroblastoma Research
Organoids
neuroblastoma
3D culture
spheroids
tumorspheres
organoids
title Three-Dimensional Culture Systems in Neuroblastoma Research
title_full Three-Dimensional Culture Systems in Neuroblastoma Research
title_fullStr Three-Dimensional Culture Systems in Neuroblastoma Research
title_full_unstemmed Three-Dimensional Culture Systems in Neuroblastoma Research
title_short Three-Dimensional Culture Systems in Neuroblastoma Research
title_sort three dimensional culture systems in neuroblastoma research
topic neuroblastoma
3D culture
spheroids
tumorspheres
organoids
url https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/4/2/10
work_keys_str_mv AT piotrjung threedimensionalculturesystemsinneuroblastomaresearch
AT adamjwolpaw threedimensionalculturesystemsinneuroblastomaresearch