Variable-Gain State-of-Charge Balancing Method for Smart Battery Packs
This paper investigates state-of-charge (SOC) balancing in battery energy storage systems (BESS) using integrated dc-dc converters, which commonly referred to as smart batteries. Mathematical models are developed for both conventional fixed-gain and proposed variable-gain balancing strategies. In th...
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| Format: | Article |
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11121147/ |
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| author | Jonathan Silva de Oliveira Bruno de Araujo Coutinho Pedro Ivo de Oliveira Tironi Allan Fagner Cupertino Erick Matheus da Silveira Brito Heverton Augusto Pereira |
| author_facet | Jonathan Silva de Oliveira Bruno de Araujo Coutinho Pedro Ivo de Oliveira Tironi Allan Fagner Cupertino Erick Matheus da Silveira Brito Heverton Augusto Pereira |
| author_sort | Jonathan Silva de Oliveira |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper investigates state-of-charge (SOC) balancing in battery energy storage systems (BESS) using integrated dc-dc converters, which commonly referred to as smart batteries. Mathematical models are developed for both conventional fixed-gain and proposed variable-gain balancing strategies. In the variable-gain method, the control gain is adapted in real-time based on the instantaneous SOC deviation, enabling faster convergence without compromising dc-link voltage stability. Analytical results demonstrate that the theoretical variable-gain approach achieves balancing up to five times faster than the fixed-gain method. The models are validated through simulations and Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop (C-HIL) experiments. The proposed strategy requires only a firmware update, making it suitable for retrofitting existing systems and applicable across different battery chemistries, including second-life applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-18ad8bedd4c544cc8aad4a2ff771222c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-18ad8bedd4c544cc8aad4a2ff771222c2025-08-25T23:18:09ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-011314552814553910.1109/ACCESS.2025.359722911121147Variable-Gain State-of-Charge Balancing Method for Smart Battery PacksJonathan Silva de Oliveira0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7417-6576Bruno de Araujo Coutinho1https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0607-184XPedro Ivo de Oliveira Tironi2https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4296-1309Allan Fagner Cupertino3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8418-1985Erick Matheus da Silveira Brito4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8208-9173Heverton Augusto Pereira5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0710-7815Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, BrazilInstituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, BrazilDepartamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, BrazilThis paper investigates state-of-charge (SOC) balancing in battery energy storage systems (BESS) using integrated dc-dc converters, which commonly referred to as smart batteries. Mathematical models are developed for both conventional fixed-gain and proposed variable-gain balancing strategies. In the variable-gain method, the control gain is adapted in real-time based on the instantaneous SOC deviation, enabling faster convergence without compromising dc-link voltage stability. Analytical results demonstrate that the theoretical variable-gain approach achieves balancing up to five times faster than the fixed-gain method. The models are validated through simulations and Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop (C-HIL) experiments. The proposed strategy requires only a firmware update, making it suitable for retrofitting existing systems and applicable across different battery chemistries, including second-life applications.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11121147/Batteriespower electronicsstate-of-charge balancingdc/dc converterenergy storage |
| spellingShingle | Jonathan Silva de Oliveira Bruno de Araujo Coutinho Pedro Ivo de Oliveira Tironi Allan Fagner Cupertino Erick Matheus da Silveira Brito Heverton Augusto Pereira Variable-Gain State-of-Charge Balancing Method for Smart Battery Packs IEEE Access Batteries power electronics state-of-charge balancing dc/dc converter energy storage |
| title | Variable-Gain State-of-Charge Balancing Method for Smart Battery Packs |
| title_full | Variable-Gain State-of-Charge Balancing Method for Smart Battery Packs |
| title_fullStr | Variable-Gain State-of-Charge Balancing Method for Smart Battery Packs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Variable-Gain State-of-Charge Balancing Method for Smart Battery Packs |
| title_short | Variable-Gain State-of-Charge Balancing Method for Smart Battery Packs |
| title_sort | variable gain state of charge balancing method for smart battery packs |
| topic | Batteries power electronics state-of-charge balancing dc/dc converter energy storage |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11121147/ |
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