Insulinomas: Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment Options
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are rare endocrine tumors originating from pancreatic cells, constituting 1-2% of pancreatic tumors. The incidence of PNETs has risen from 0.32 to 0.48 per 100,000 people between 2004 and 2021. Among PNETs, insulinomas are the most common type, characterized...
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Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Quality in Sport |
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| Online Access: | https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/57541 |
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| author | Joanna Rychlewska-Duda Justyna Lisiecka Mateusz Janik Barbara Ufnalska Anna Konarska Artur Fabijański Anna Machowiak Michał Nowak Wojciech Firlej Adriana Daria Dukacz |
| author_facet | Joanna Rychlewska-Duda Justyna Lisiecka Mateusz Janik Barbara Ufnalska Anna Konarska Artur Fabijański Anna Machowiak Michał Nowak Wojciech Firlej Adriana Daria Dukacz |
| author_sort | Joanna Rychlewska-Duda |
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Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are rare endocrine tumors originating from pancreatic cells, constituting 1-2% of pancreatic tumors. The incidence of PNETs has risen from 0.32 to 0.48 per 100,000 people between 2004 and 2021. Among PNETs, insulinomas are the most common type, characterized by excessive insulin production, with an occurrence rate of 1-4 per million people. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of insulinomas, focusing on their epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies. Insulinomas can be sporadic or associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN-1) syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene. MEN-1-associated insulinomas are often diagnosed earlier and may present as multicentric lesions, whereas sporadic insulinomas are typically solitary and benign. Diagnostic approaches include biochemical tests, such as the 72-hour fasting test, and imaging techniques like CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine scans for tumor localization. Surgical resection remains the primary treatment modality, with high success rates for benign tumors, although emerging techniques like endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA) offer promising alternatives for small, solitary tumors. Medical management, including medications like diazoxide and somatostatin analogs, is crucial for controlling symptoms in patients not amenable to surgery. Prognosis is generally favorable with surgical intervention, but careful monitoring is required for malignant or metastatic disease. Ongoing research is essential to enhance treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-186f50494c1c4937950688cfa81f4290 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2450-3118 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Quality in Sport |
| spelling | doaj-art-186f50494c1c4937950688cfa81f42902025-01-28T08:25:07ZengNicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńQuality in Sport2450-31182025-01-013710.12775/QS.2024.37.57541Insulinomas: Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment OptionsJoanna Rychlewska-Duda0https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8992-1078Justyna Lisiecka1https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9545-910XMateusz Janik2https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4679-6935Barbara Ufnalska3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6334-1812Anna Konarska4https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0142-6970Artur Fabijański5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8639-6154Anna Machowiak6https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3868-2480Michał Nowak7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0087-4387Wojciech Firlej8https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0813-2617Adriana Daria Dukacz9https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4428-8789CRO-MED Medical and Physiotherapy ClinicPromienista Primary Healthcare CenterHCP Medical CenterSpecialist Mother and Child Healthcare FacilityF.Raszeja's Municipal Hospital in PoznańSpecialist Mother and Child Healthcare FacilitySpecialist Mother and Child Healthcare FacilityPoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznan University of Medical SciencesHeliodor Swiecicki Clinical Hospital Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are rare endocrine tumors originating from pancreatic cells, constituting 1-2% of pancreatic tumors. The incidence of PNETs has risen from 0.32 to 0.48 per 100,000 people between 2004 and 2021. Among PNETs, insulinomas are the most common type, characterized by excessive insulin production, with an occurrence rate of 1-4 per million people. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of insulinomas, focusing on their epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies. Insulinomas can be sporadic or associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN-1) syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene. MEN-1-associated insulinomas are often diagnosed earlier and may present as multicentric lesions, whereas sporadic insulinomas are typically solitary and benign. Diagnostic approaches include biochemical tests, such as the 72-hour fasting test, and imaging techniques like CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine scans for tumor localization. Surgical resection remains the primary treatment modality, with high success rates for benign tumors, although emerging techniques like endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA) offer promising alternatives for small, solitary tumors. Medical management, including medications like diazoxide and somatostatin analogs, is crucial for controlling symptoms in patients not amenable to surgery. Prognosis is generally favorable with surgical intervention, but careful monitoring is required for malignant or metastatic disease. Ongoing research is essential to enhance treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes. https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/57541insulinomapancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs)hypoglycemiasurgical resectiondiazoxide |
| spellingShingle | Joanna Rychlewska-Duda Justyna Lisiecka Mateusz Janik Barbara Ufnalska Anna Konarska Artur Fabijański Anna Machowiak Michał Nowak Wojciech Firlej Adriana Daria Dukacz Insulinomas: Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment Options Quality in Sport insulinoma pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) hypoglycemia surgical resection diazoxide |
| title | Insulinomas: Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment Options |
| title_full | Insulinomas: Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment Options |
| title_fullStr | Insulinomas: Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment Options |
| title_full_unstemmed | Insulinomas: Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment Options |
| title_short | Insulinomas: Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment Options |
| title_sort | insulinomas comprehensive review of epidemiology pathophysiology clinical manifestations diagnostic approaches and treatment options |
| topic | insulinoma pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) hypoglycemia surgical resection diazoxide |
| url | https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/57541 |
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