Paternal microbiota manipulation influences offspring microbial colonization and development in a sex role-reversed pipefish

Abstract Microbes are acquired through vertical and environmental horizontal transmission. Vertical transmission is directly linked to reproductive success and entails early transmission, facilitating coexistence of host and microbes over generations. The multiple potentially interacting routes of v...

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Main Authors: Kim-Sara Wagner, Frédéric Salasc, Silke-Mareike Marten, Olivia Roth
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16222-y
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author Kim-Sara Wagner
Frédéric Salasc
Silke-Mareike Marten
Olivia Roth
author_facet Kim-Sara Wagner
Frédéric Salasc
Silke-Mareike Marten
Olivia Roth
author_sort Kim-Sara Wagner
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Microbes are acquired through vertical and environmental horizontal transmission. Vertical transmission is directly linked to reproductive success and entails early transmission, facilitating coexistence of host and microbes over generations. The multiple potentially interacting routes of vertical transmission are challenging to be disentangled in conventional sex-role species, as they are mostly intermingled on the maternal side, i.e., through egg production, pregnancy, birth and postnatal care. The evolution of male pregnancy in syngnathids (pipefishes and seahorses) offers an opportunity to separate vertical microbial provisioning through the egg (maternal) from provisioning through pregnancy (paternal). We experimentally evaluated the existence and role of paternal vertical microbiota provisioning through male pregnancy on offspring development and microbial colonization. Male pipefish were exposed to antibiotics, and subsequently recolonized with bacteria of paternal, maternal, and environmental origin (spike treatment). After pregnancy, the microbiota of developing offspring was characterized using 16 S rRNA sequencing of the V3-V4 region. Paternal antibiotic and spike treatments influenced the microbial composition of the brood pouch and offspring microbiome development. Paternal spike treatment shortened pregnancy duration and enhanced offspring survival, underlining its beneficial effect for early life stages. Expanding on how distinct vertical microbial transmission routes shape the offspring microbiome will foster our understanding of holobiont function in health and disease.
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issn 2045-2322
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spelling doaj-art-17e5964da27347f4b4a792b0332af8fe2025-08-24T11:28:17ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115111610.1038/s41598-025-16222-yPaternal microbiota manipulation influences offspring microbial colonization and development in a sex role-reversed pipefishKim-Sara Wagner0Frédéric Salasc1Silke-Mareike Marten2Olivia Roth3Marine Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Kiel UniversityMarine Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Kiel UniversityMarine Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Kiel UniversityMarine Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Kiel UniversityAbstract Microbes are acquired through vertical and environmental horizontal transmission. Vertical transmission is directly linked to reproductive success and entails early transmission, facilitating coexistence of host and microbes over generations. The multiple potentially interacting routes of vertical transmission are challenging to be disentangled in conventional sex-role species, as they are mostly intermingled on the maternal side, i.e., through egg production, pregnancy, birth and postnatal care. The evolution of male pregnancy in syngnathids (pipefishes and seahorses) offers an opportunity to separate vertical microbial provisioning through the egg (maternal) from provisioning through pregnancy (paternal). We experimentally evaluated the existence and role of paternal vertical microbiota provisioning through male pregnancy on offspring development and microbial colonization. Male pipefish were exposed to antibiotics, and subsequently recolonized with bacteria of paternal, maternal, and environmental origin (spike treatment). After pregnancy, the microbiota of developing offspring was characterized using 16 S rRNA sequencing of the V3-V4 region. Paternal antibiotic and spike treatments influenced the microbial composition of the brood pouch and offspring microbiome development. Paternal spike treatment shortened pregnancy duration and enhanced offspring survival, underlining its beneficial effect for early life stages. Expanding on how distinct vertical microbial transmission routes shape the offspring microbiome will foster our understanding of holobiont function in health and disease.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16222-y
spellingShingle Kim-Sara Wagner
Frédéric Salasc
Silke-Mareike Marten
Olivia Roth
Paternal microbiota manipulation influences offspring microbial colonization and development in a sex role-reversed pipefish
Scientific Reports
title Paternal microbiota manipulation influences offspring microbial colonization and development in a sex role-reversed pipefish
title_full Paternal microbiota manipulation influences offspring microbial colonization and development in a sex role-reversed pipefish
title_fullStr Paternal microbiota manipulation influences offspring microbial colonization and development in a sex role-reversed pipefish
title_full_unstemmed Paternal microbiota manipulation influences offspring microbial colonization and development in a sex role-reversed pipefish
title_short Paternal microbiota manipulation influences offspring microbial colonization and development in a sex role-reversed pipefish
title_sort paternal microbiota manipulation influences offspring microbial colonization and development in a sex role reversed pipefish
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16222-y
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