Early Language Access and STEAM Education: Keys to Optimal Outcomes for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students

This paper offers an overview of a large study of language and cognitive development in deaf and hard of hearing children. Specifically, we investigated how acquiring a signed or spoken language (language modality) and when a child’s access to language begins (i.e., at birth or later in development)...

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Main Authors: Marie Coppola, Kristin Walker
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Education Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/15/7/915
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author Marie Coppola
Kristin Walker
author_facet Marie Coppola
Kristin Walker
author_sort Marie Coppola
collection DOAJ
description This paper offers an overview of a large study of language and cognitive development in deaf and hard of hearing children. Specifically, we investigated how acquiring a signed or spoken language (language modality) and when a child’s access to language begins (i.e., at birth or later in development) influence cognitive development. We conducted in-person behavioral assessments with 404 children 3–10 years old (280 deaf and hard of hearing; 124 typically hearing). The tasks measured a range of abilities along a continuum of how strongly they depend on language input, such as general vocabulary and number words (strongly dependent) vs. skills such as tracking sets of two to three objects and standardized ‘nonverbal’ picture-similarity tasks (relatively independent of language). Overall, the timing of children’s access to language predicted more variability in their performance than language modality. These findings help refine our theories about how language influences development and suggest how a STEAM pedagogical approach may ameliorate the impacts of later access to language. These results underscore children’s need for language early in development. That is, deaf and hard of hearing children must receive fully accessible language input as early as possible through sign language, accompanied by hearing technology aimed at improving access to spoken language, if desired.
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spelling doaj-art-17de0b67b4b54800afcd55e1f6b0d70c2025-08-20T03:32:12ZengMDPI AGEducation Sciences2227-71022025-07-0115791510.3390/educsci15070915Early Language Access and STEAM Education: Keys to Optimal Outcomes for Deaf and Hard of Hearing StudentsMarie Coppola0Kristin Walker1Departments of Psychological Sciences and Linguistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USADepartment of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USAThis paper offers an overview of a large study of language and cognitive development in deaf and hard of hearing children. Specifically, we investigated how acquiring a signed or spoken language (language modality) and when a child’s access to language begins (i.e., at birth or later in development) influence cognitive development. We conducted in-person behavioral assessments with 404 children 3–10 years old (280 deaf and hard of hearing; 124 typically hearing). The tasks measured a range of abilities along a continuum of how strongly they depend on language input, such as general vocabulary and number words (strongly dependent) vs. skills such as tracking sets of two to three objects and standardized ‘nonverbal’ picture-similarity tasks (relatively independent of language). Overall, the timing of children’s access to language predicted more variability in their performance than language modality. These findings help refine our theories about how language influences development and suggest how a STEAM pedagogical approach may ameliorate the impacts of later access to language. These results underscore children’s need for language early in development. That is, deaf and hard of hearing children must receive fully accessible language input as early as possible through sign language, accompanied by hearing technology aimed at improving access to spoken language, if desired.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/15/7/915mathematicsdeafhard of hearingdeaf educationlanguage developmentlanguage modality
spellingShingle Marie Coppola
Kristin Walker
Early Language Access and STEAM Education: Keys to Optimal Outcomes for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students
Education Sciences
mathematics
deaf
hard of hearing
deaf education
language development
language modality
title Early Language Access and STEAM Education: Keys to Optimal Outcomes for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students
title_full Early Language Access and STEAM Education: Keys to Optimal Outcomes for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students
title_fullStr Early Language Access and STEAM Education: Keys to Optimal Outcomes for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students
title_full_unstemmed Early Language Access and STEAM Education: Keys to Optimal Outcomes for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students
title_short Early Language Access and STEAM Education: Keys to Optimal Outcomes for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students
title_sort early language access and steam education keys to optimal outcomes for deaf and hard of hearing students
topic mathematics
deaf
hard of hearing
deaf education
language development
language modality
url https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/15/7/915
work_keys_str_mv AT mariecoppola earlylanguageaccessandsteameducationkeystooptimaloutcomesfordeafandhardofhearingstudents
AT kristinwalker earlylanguageaccessandsteameducationkeystooptimaloutcomesfordeafandhardofhearingstudents