Advances in Detection Technologies for Pesticide Residues and Heavy Metals in Rice: A Comprehensive Review of Spectroscopy, Chromatography, and Biosensors

Pesticide residues and heavy metals, originating from diverse sources such as agricultural practices and industrial activities, pose substantial risks to human health and the ecological environment. For instance, residues of organophosphorus pesticides may damage the human nervous system, while heav...

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Main Authors: Yu Han, Ye Tian, Qingqing Li, Tianle Yao, Jie Yao, Zhengmao Zhang, Long Wu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Foods
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/6/1070
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author Yu Han
Ye Tian
Qingqing Li
Tianle Yao
Jie Yao
Zhengmao Zhang
Long Wu
author_facet Yu Han
Ye Tian
Qingqing Li
Tianle Yao
Jie Yao
Zhengmao Zhang
Long Wu
author_sort Yu Han
collection DOAJ
description Pesticide residues and heavy metals, originating from diverse sources such as agricultural practices and industrial activities, pose substantial risks to human health and the ecological environment. For instance, residues of organophosphorus pesticides may damage the human nervous system, while heavy metals such as mercury and cadmium accumulate in living organisms, potentially leading to severe organ damage. The contamination of rice with these pollutants has become a critical concern, necessitating the development of innovative detection techniques that are sensitive, accurate, rapid, portable, and intelligent. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the types, sources, health risks, and ecological impacts of pesticide residues and heavy metals in rice, providing a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and solutions associated with these contaminants. It further provides the fundamental principles, comparative advantages, and technical constraints of both conventional and emerging detection methodologies. These encompass traditional analytical techniques such as spectroscopy and chromatography, well-established immunoassay systems, as well as innovative biosensing technologies. This discussion is substantiated with representative case studies demonstrating their practical applications in rice quality assessment and safety testing. In addition, this review envisions future directions for the development of detection technologies, emphasizing the importance of miniaturization, multiplexed detection, integration with nanotechnology, and real-time monitoring systems. By providing a theoretical foundation for advancing food safety innovation, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts to ensure rice quality and safety, protect public health, and preserve ecological balance.
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spelling doaj-art-178cd46fbe034ba28f0a601f9d87377d2025-08-20T02:11:17ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582025-03-01146107010.3390/foods14061070Advances in Detection Technologies for Pesticide Residues and Heavy Metals in Rice: A Comprehensive Review of Spectroscopy, Chromatography, and BiosensorsYu Han0Ye Tian1Qingqing Li2Tianle Yao3Jie Yao4Zhengmao Zhang5Long Wu6Hubei Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization and Quality Control of Characteristic Crops, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, ChinaDepartment of Biological Science and Technology, Wuhan Bioengineering Institute, Wuhan 430415, ChinaHubei Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization and Quality Control of Characteristic Crops, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, ChinaHubei Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization and Quality Control of Characteristic Crops, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, ChinaHubei Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization and Quality Control of Characteristic Crops, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, ChinaHubei Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization and Quality Control of Characteristic Crops, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, ChinaKey Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaPesticide residues and heavy metals, originating from diverse sources such as agricultural practices and industrial activities, pose substantial risks to human health and the ecological environment. For instance, residues of organophosphorus pesticides may damage the human nervous system, while heavy metals such as mercury and cadmium accumulate in living organisms, potentially leading to severe organ damage. The contamination of rice with these pollutants has become a critical concern, necessitating the development of innovative detection techniques that are sensitive, accurate, rapid, portable, and intelligent. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the types, sources, health risks, and ecological impacts of pesticide residues and heavy metals in rice, providing a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and solutions associated with these contaminants. It further provides the fundamental principles, comparative advantages, and technical constraints of both conventional and emerging detection methodologies. These encompass traditional analytical techniques such as spectroscopy and chromatography, well-established immunoassay systems, as well as innovative biosensing technologies. This discussion is substantiated with representative case studies demonstrating their practical applications in rice quality assessment and safety testing. In addition, this review envisions future directions for the development of detection technologies, emphasizing the importance of miniaturization, multiplexed detection, integration with nanotechnology, and real-time monitoring systems. By providing a theoretical foundation for advancing food safety innovation, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts to ensure rice quality and safety, protect public health, and preserve ecological balance.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/6/1070rice quality and safetypesticide residuesheavy metal contaminationdetection technologyfood safety
spellingShingle Yu Han
Ye Tian
Qingqing Li
Tianle Yao
Jie Yao
Zhengmao Zhang
Long Wu
Advances in Detection Technologies for Pesticide Residues and Heavy Metals in Rice: A Comprehensive Review of Spectroscopy, Chromatography, and Biosensors
Foods
rice quality and safety
pesticide residues
heavy metal contamination
detection technology
food safety
title Advances in Detection Technologies for Pesticide Residues and Heavy Metals in Rice: A Comprehensive Review of Spectroscopy, Chromatography, and Biosensors
title_full Advances in Detection Technologies for Pesticide Residues and Heavy Metals in Rice: A Comprehensive Review of Spectroscopy, Chromatography, and Biosensors
title_fullStr Advances in Detection Technologies for Pesticide Residues and Heavy Metals in Rice: A Comprehensive Review of Spectroscopy, Chromatography, and Biosensors
title_full_unstemmed Advances in Detection Technologies for Pesticide Residues and Heavy Metals in Rice: A Comprehensive Review of Spectroscopy, Chromatography, and Biosensors
title_short Advances in Detection Technologies for Pesticide Residues and Heavy Metals in Rice: A Comprehensive Review of Spectroscopy, Chromatography, and Biosensors
title_sort advances in detection technologies for pesticide residues and heavy metals in rice a comprehensive review of spectroscopy chromatography and biosensors
topic rice quality and safety
pesticide residues
heavy metal contamination
detection technology
food safety
url https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/6/1070
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