Super-fast production of drug nanocrystals: Dual asymmetric centrifugation-enabled media milling applied to high throughput formulation screening

Drug nanocrystals (NCs) have entirely changed the panorama of drug delivery, enabling enhanced drug absorption and long-acting drug release. The vast majority of marketed NCs-based products are obtained via media milling using of-the-shelf industrial machinery. However, early-stage formulation devel...

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Main Authors: Lucia Lopez-Vidal, Maria G. Bordon, Alejandro J. Paredes
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-07-01
Series:Materials & Design
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127525006367
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author Lucia Lopez-Vidal
Maria G. Bordon
Alejandro J. Paredes
author_facet Lucia Lopez-Vidal
Maria G. Bordon
Alejandro J. Paredes
author_sort Lucia Lopez-Vidal
collection DOAJ
description Drug nanocrystals (NCs) have entirely changed the panorama of drug delivery, enabling enhanced drug absorption and long-acting drug release. The vast majority of marketed NCs-based products are obtained via media milling using of-the-shelf industrial machinery. However, early-stage formulation development is time-consuming and challenging when limited active amounts are available. This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing NCs using dual asymmetric centrifugation (DAC) in a single 1-minute milling cycle. The methodology proved effective for 9 out of 10 evaluated drugs, achieving particle sizes as low as 174 nm. Subsequently, three drugs were selected for an in-depth study of the influence of various parameters on particle size and polydispersity index (PDI). The crystallinity and morphology of the resulting NCs were investigated using thermal analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Potential sample contamination was assessed using nanoparticle tracking analysis, with values < 1 %. A multiple-response optimization study and a microhydrodynamic analysis of the milling established a quantitative relationship between the process variables and particle size. Furthermore, it established that the DAC methodology significantly outperforms conventional laboratory-scale wet media milling in terms of milling efficiency. The findings of this study position DAC as a rapid, cost-effective, and efficient top-down wet media milling method to obtain NCs.
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spelling doaj-art-1783f46db7d34ef690ed9bb9712d8a302025-08-20T03:30:43ZengElsevierMaterials & Design0264-12752025-07-0125511421610.1016/j.matdes.2025.114216Super-fast production of drug nanocrystals: Dual asymmetric centrifugation-enabled media milling applied to high throughput formulation screeningLucia Lopez-Vidal0Maria G. Bordon1Alejandro J. Paredes2School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, United KingdomInstituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC-CONICET, UNC), Córdoba, ArgentinaSchool of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Corresponding author at: Senior Lecturer in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.Drug nanocrystals (NCs) have entirely changed the panorama of drug delivery, enabling enhanced drug absorption and long-acting drug release. The vast majority of marketed NCs-based products are obtained via media milling using of-the-shelf industrial machinery. However, early-stage formulation development is time-consuming and challenging when limited active amounts are available. This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing NCs using dual asymmetric centrifugation (DAC) in a single 1-minute milling cycle. The methodology proved effective for 9 out of 10 evaluated drugs, achieving particle sizes as low as 174 nm. Subsequently, three drugs were selected for an in-depth study of the influence of various parameters on particle size and polydispersity index (PDI). The crystallinity and morphology of the resulting NCs were investigated using thermal analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Potential sample contamination was assessed using nanoparticle tracking analysis, with values < 1 %. A multiple-response optimization study and a microhydrodynamic analysis of the milling established a quantitative relationship between the process variables and particle size. Furthermore, it established that the DAC methodology significantly outperforms conventional laboratory-scale wet media milling in terms of milling efficiency. The findings of this study position DAC as a rapid, cost-effective, and efficient top-down wet media milling method to obtain NCs.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127525006367Wet media millingTop-downNanoparticlesNanosuspensionsCurcuminAlbendazole
spellingShingle Lucia Lopez-Vidal
Maria G. Bordon
Alejandro J. Paredes
Super-fast production of drug nanocrystals: Dual asymmetric centrifugation-enabled media milling applied to high throughput formulation screening
Materials & Design
Wet media milling
Top-down
Nanoparticles
Nanosuspensions
Curcumin
Albendazole
title Super-fast production of drug nanocrystals: Dual asymmetric centrifugation-enabled media milling applied to high throughput formulation screening
title_full Super-fast production of drug nanocrystals: Dual asymmetric centrifugation-enabled media milling applied to high throughput formulation screening
title_fullStr Super-fast production of drug nanocrystals: Dual asymmetric centrifugation-enabled media milling applied to high throughput formulation screening
title_full_unstemmed Super-fast production of drug nanocrystals: Dual asymmetric centrifugation-enabled media milling applied to high throughput formulation screening
title_short Super-fast production of drug nanocrystals: Dual asymmetric centrifugation-enabled media milling applied to high throughput formulation screening
title_sort super fast production of drug nanocrystals dual asymmetric centrifugation enabled media milling applied to high throughput formulation screening
topic Wet media milling
Top-down
Nanoparticles
Nanosuspensions
Curcumin
Albendazole
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127525006367
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AT alejandrojparedes superfastproductionofdrugnanocrystalsdualasymmetriccentrifugationenabledmediamillingappliedtohighthroughputformulationscreening