Comparison of Battery Electrical Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles–Greenhouse Gas Emission Life Cycle Assessment
Battery electrical vehicle (BEV) ownership has increased in recent years. There is a general concern over the life cycle of the batteries used in such vehicles. This study provides a comprehensive overview of electric vehicles, encompassing their technical evolution, autonomy, and ownership. The ana...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/3122 |
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| author | Vasco Vieira Andresa Baptista Adélio Cavadas Gustavo F. Pinto Joaquim Monteiro Leonardo Ribeiro |
| author_facet | Vasco Vieira Andresa Baptista Adélio Cavadas Gustavo F. Pinto Joaquim Monteiro Leonardo Ribeiro |
| author_sort | Vasco Vieira |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Battery electrical vehicle (BEV) ownership has increased in recent years. There is a general concern over the life cycle of the batteries used in such vehicles. This study provides a comprehensive overview of electric vehicles, encompassing their technical evolution, autonomy, and ownership. The analysis delved into the various types of batteries utilized in these vehicles, examining the composition of their constituent materials and the mechanisms underlying their operation. Additionally, it assessed their performance in terms of energy density storage, recharge capabilities, autonomy, and prospects. A critical evaluation of electric vehicles and their internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) counterparts, considering the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) criterion, was conducted. The LCA criterion encompasses emissions during the entire lifecycle, from the “cradle” to the “tank” (WTT) and the “tank” until the end of its cycle (TTW). The findings of this study indicate that BEVs consistently outperformed ICEVs in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in all the sizes of vehicles studied. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-177a8bbfbcbd449fba24916787220a4e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-177a8bbfbcbd449fba24916787220a4e2025-08-20T03:43:29ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-03-01156312210.3390/app15063122Comparison of Battery Electrical Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles–Greenhouse Gas Emission Life Cycle AssessmentVasco Vieira0Andresa Baptista1Adélio Cavadas2Gustavo F. Pinto3Joaquim Monteiro4Leonardo Ribeiro5CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, PortugalCIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, PortugalProMetheus—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, PortugalCIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, PortugalCIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, PortugalCIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, PortugalBattery electrical vehicle (BEV) ownership has increased in recent years. There is a general concern over the life cycle of the batteries used in such vehicles. This study provides a comprehensive overview of electric vehicles, encompassing their technical evolution, autonomy, and ownership. The analysis delved into the various types of batteries utilized in these vehicles, examining the composition of their constituent materials and the mechanisms underlying their operation. Additionally, it assessed their performance in terms of energy density storage, recharge capabilities, autonomy, and prospects. A critical evaluation of electric vehicles and their internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) counterparts, considering the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) criterion, was conducted. The LCA criterion encompasses emissions during the entire lifecycle, from the “cradle” to the “tank” (WTT) and the “tank” until the end of its cycle (TTW). The findings of this study indicate that BEVs consistently outperformed ICEVs in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in all the sizes of vehicles studied.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/3122battery electric vehicleinternal combustion engineGHG emissionsLCA |
| spellingShingle | Vasco Vieira Andresa Baptista Adélio Cavadas Gustavo F. Pinto Joaquim Monteiro Leonardo Ribeiro Comparison of Battery Electrical Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles–Greenhouse Gas Emission Life Cycle Assessment Applied Sciences battery electric vehicle internal combustion engine GHG emissions LCA |
| title | Comparison of Battery Electrical Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles–Greenhouse Gas Emission Life Cycle Assessment |
| title_full | Comparison of Battery Electrical Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles–Greenhouse Gas Emission Life Cycle Assessment |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of Battery Electrical Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles–Greenhouse Gas Emission Life Cycle Assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of Battery Electrical Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles–Greenhouse Gas Emission Life Cycle Assessment |
| title_short | Comparison of Battery Electrical Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles–Greenhouse Gas Emission Life Cycle Assessment |
| title_sort | comparison of battery electrical vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles greenhouse gas emission life cycle assessment |
| topic | battery electric vehicle internal combustion engine GHG emissions LCA |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/3122 |
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