Clinical Symptoms and Types of Samples Are Critical Factors for the Molecular Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Literature Review
Background. Currently, a novel coronavirus found in 2019 known as SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Various parameters including clinical manifestations and molecular evaluation can affect the accuracy of diagnosis. This review aims to discuss the various clinical symptom...
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| Format: | Article |
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Wiley
2021-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Microbiology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5528786 |
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| author | Milad Zandi Abbas Farahani Armin Zakeri Sara Akhavan Rezayat Ramin Mohammadi Umashankar Das Jonathan R. Dimmock Shervin Afzali Mohammadvala Ashtar Nakhaei Alireza Doroudi Yousef Erfani Saber Soltani |
| author_facet | Milad Zandi Abbas Farahani Armin Zakeri Sara Akhavan Rezayat Ramin Mohammadi Umashankar Das Jonathan R. Dimmock Shervin Afzali Mohammadvala Ashtar Nakhaei Alireza Doroudi Yousef Erfani Saber Soltani |
| author_sort | Milad Zandi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background. Currently, a novel coronavirus found in 2019 known as SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Various parameters including clinical manifestations and molecular evaluation can affect the accuracy of diagnosis. This review aims to discuss the various clinical symptoms and molecular evaluation results in COVID-19 patients, to point out the importance of onset symptoms, type, and timing of the sampling, besides the methods that are used for detection of SARS-CoV-2. Methods. A systematic literature review of current articles in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE was conducted according to the PRISMA guideline. Results. Of the 12946 patients evaluated in this investigation, 7643 were confirmed to be COVID-19 positive by molecular techniques, particularly the RT-PCR/qPCR combined technique (qRT-PCR). In most of the studies, all of the enrolled cases had 100% positive results for molecular evaluation. Among the COVID-19 patients who were identified as such by positive PCR results, most of them showed fever or cough as the primary clinical signs. Less common symptoms observed in clinically confirmed cases were hemoptysis, bloody sputum, mental disorders, and nasal congestion. The most common clinical samples for PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients were obtained from throat, oropharyngeal, and nasopharyngeal swabs, while tears and conjunctival secretions seem to be the least common clinical samples for COVID-19 diagnosis among studies. Also, different conserved SARS-CoV-2 gene sequences could be targeted for qRT-PCR detection. The suggested molecular assay being used by most laboratories for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 is qRT-PCR. Conclusion. There is a worldwide concern on the COVID-19 pandemic and a lack of well-managed global control. Hence, it is crucial to update the molecular diagnostics protocols for handling the situation. This is possible by understanding the available advances in assays for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Good sampling procedure and using samples with enough viral loads, also considering the onset symptoms, may reduce the qRT-PCR false-negative results in symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Selection of the most efficient primer-probe for target genes and samples containing enough viral loads to search for the existence of SARS-CoV-2 helps detecting the virus on time using qRT-PCR. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-176661c6de6243debcdc231f482d39ca |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1687-918X 1687-9198 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
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| series | International Journal of Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-176661c6de6243debcdc231f482d39ca2025-02-03T01:25:14ZengWileyInternational Journal of Microbiology1687-918X1687-91982021-01-01202110.1155/2021/55287865528786Clinical Symptoms and Types of Samples Are Critical Factors for the Molecular Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Literature ReviewMilad Zandi0Abbas Farahani1Armin Zakeri2Sara Akhavan Rezayat3Ramin Mohammadi4Umashankar Das5Jonathan R. Dimmock6Shervin Afzali7Mohammadvala Ashtar Nakhaei8Alireza Doroudi9Yousef Erfani10Saber Soltani11Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranInfectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, IranDepartment of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranDepartment of Health Economics and Management, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDrug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, CanadaDrug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, CanadaDrug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, CanadaDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, IranDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, IranDrug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, CanadaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDepartment of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranBackground. Currently, a novel coronavirus found in 2019 known as SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Various parameters including clinical manifestations and molecular evaluation can affect the accuracy of diagnosis. This review aims to discuss the various clinical symptoms and molecular evaluation results in COVID-19 patients, to point out the importance of onset symptoms, type, and timing of the sampling, besides the methods that are used for detection of SARS-CoV-2. Methods. A systematic literature review of current articles in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE was conducted according to the PRISMA guideline. Results. Of the 12946 patients evaluated in this investigation, 7643 were confirmed to be COVID-19 positive by molecular techniques, particularly the RT-PCR/qPCR combined technique (qRT-PCR). In most of the studies, all of the enrolled cases had 100% positive results for molecular evaluation. Among the COVID-19 patients who were identified as such by positive PCR results, most of them showed fever or cough as the primary clinical signs. Less common symptoms observed in clinically confirmed cases were hemoptysis, bloody sputum, mental disorders, and nasal congestion. The most common clinical samples for PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients were obtained from throat, oropharyngeal, and nasopharyngeal swabs, while tears and conjunctival secretions seem to be the least common clinical samples for COVID-19 diagnosis among studies. Also, different conserved SARS-CoV-2 gene sequences could be targeted for qRT-PCR detection. The suggested molecular assay being used by most laboratories for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 is qRT-PCR. Conclusion. There is a worldwide concern on the COVID-19 pandemic and a lack of well-managed global control. Hence, it is crucial to update the molecular diagnostics protocols for handling the situation. This is possible by understanding the available advances in assays for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Good sampling procedure and using samples with enough viral loads, also considering the onset symptoms, may reduce the qRT-PCR false-negative results in symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Selection of the most efficient primer-probe for target genes and samples containing enough viral loads to search for the existence of SARS-CoV-2 helps detecting the virus on time using qRT-PCR.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5528786 |
| spellingShingle | Milad Zandi Abbas Farahani Armin Zakeri Sara Akhavan Rezayat Ramin Mohammadi Umashankar Das Jonathan R. Dimmock Shervin Afzali Mohammadvala Ashtar Nakhaei Alireza Doroudi Yousef Erfani Saber Soltani Clinical Symptoms and Types of Samples Are Critical Factors for the Molecular Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Literature Review International Journal of Microbiology |
| title | Clinical Symptoms and Types of Samples Are Critical Factors for the Molecular Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Literature Review |
| title_full | Clinical Symptoms and Types of Samples Are Critical Factors for the Molecular Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Literature Review |
| title_fullStr | Clinical Symptoms and Types of Samples Are Critical Factors for the Molecular Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Literature Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Clinical Symptoms and Types of Samples Are Critical Factors for the Molecular Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Literature Review |
| title_short | Clinical Symptoms and Types of Samples Are Critical Factors for the Molecular Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Literature Review |
| title_sort | clinical symptoms and types of samples are critical factors for the molecular diagnosis of symptomatic covid 19 patients a systematic literature review |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5528786 |
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