Deep reinforcement learning model for Multi-Ship collision avoidance decision making design implementation and performance analysis

Abstract This paper proposes a novel multi-ship collision avoidance decision-making model based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL). The model addresses the critical challenge of preventing ship collisions while maintaining efficient navigation in complex maritime environments. Our innovation lies...

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Main Authors: Rongjun Pan, Wei Zhang, Shijie Wang, Shuhua Kang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05636-3
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author Rongjun Pan
Wei Zhang
Shijie Wang
Shuhua Kang
author_facet Rongjun Pan
Wei Zhang
Shijie Wang
Shuhua Kang
author_sort Rongjun Pan
collection DOAJ
description Abstract This paper proposes a novel multi-ship collision avoidance decision-making model based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL). The model addresses the critical challenge of preventing ship collisions while maintaining efficient navigation in complex maritime environments. Our innovation lies in the integration of a comprehensive state representation capturing key inter-ship relationships, a reward function that dynamically balances safety, efficiency, and COLREGs compliance, and an enhanced DQN architecture with dueling networks and double Q-learning specifically optimized for maritime scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art DRL methods, achieving a 30.8% reduction in collision rates compared to recent multi-agent DRL implementations, 20% improvement in safety distances, and enhanced regulatory compliance across diverse scenarios. The model shows superior scalability in high-density traffic, with only 12.6% performance degradation compared to 18.4–45.2% for baseline methods. These advancements provide a promising solution for autonomous ship navigation and maritime safety enhancement.
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institution Kabale University
issn 2045-2322
language English
publishDate 2025-07-01
publisher Nature Portfolio
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series Scientific Reports
spelling doaj-art-1747a2deca1446adaca2ef009c79b7d72025-08-20T03:37:30ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115112110.1038/s41598-025-05636-3Deep reinforcement learning model for Multi-Ship collision avoidance decision making design implementation and performance analysisRongjun Pan0Wei Zhang1Shijie Wang2Shuhua Kang3School of Navigation, GongQing Institute of Science and TechnologyCollege of Transport & Communications, Shanghai Maritime UniversitySchool of Navigation, GongQing Institute of Science and TechnologySchool of Navigation and Transportation, QuanZhou Ocean InstituteAbstract This paper proposes a novel multi-ship collision avoidance decision-making model based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL). The model addresses the critical challenge of preventing ship collisions while maintaining efficient navigation in complex maritime environments. Our innovation lies in the integration of a comprehensive state representation capturing key inter-ship relationships, a reward function that dynamically balances safety, efficiency, and COLREGs compliance, and an enhanced DQN architecture with dueling networks and double Q-learning specifically optimized for maritime scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art DRL methods, achieving a 30.8% reduction in collision rates compared to recent multi-agent DRL implementations, 20% improvement in safety distances, and enhanced regulatory compliance across diverse scenarios. The model shows superior scalability in high-density traffic, with only 12.6% performance degradation compared to 18.4–45.2% for baseline methods. These advancements provide a promising solution for autonomous ship navigation and maritime safety enhancement.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05636-3Deep reinforcement learningMaritime safetyCollision avoidanceMulti-Ship navigationDecision-MakingMaritime transportation
spellingShingle Rongjun Pan
Wei Zhang
Shijie Wang
Shuhua Kang
Deep reinforcement learning model for Multi-Ship collision avoidance decision making design implementation and performance analysis
Scientific Reports
Deep reinforcement learning
Maritime safety
Collision avoidance
Multi-Ship navigation
Decision-Making
Maritime transportation
title Deep reinforcement learning model for Multi-Ship collision avoidance decision making design implementation and performance analysis
title_full Deep reinforcement learning model for Multi-Ship collision avoidance decision making design implementation and performance analysis
title_fullStr Deep reinforcement learning model for Multi-Ship collision avoidance decision making design implementation and performance analysis
title_full_unstemmed Deep reinforcement learning model for Multi-Ship collision avoidance decision making design implementation and performance analysis
title_short Deep reinforcement learning model for Multi-Ship collision avoidance decision making design implementation and performance analysis
title_sort deep reinforcement learning model for multi ship collision avoidance decision making design implementation and performance analysis
topic Deep reinforcement learning
Maritime safety
Collision avoidance
Multi-Ship navigation
Decision-Making
Maritime transportation
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05636-3
work_keys_str_mv AT rongjunpan deepreinforcementlearningmodelformultishipcollisionavoidancedecisionmakingdesignimplementationandperformanceanalysis
AT weizhang deepreinforcementlearningmodelformultishipcollisionavoidancedecisionmakingdesignimplementationandperformanceanalysis
AT shijiewang deepreinforcementlearningmodelformultishipcollisionavoidancedecisionmakingdesignimplementationandperformanceanalysis
AT shuhuakang deepreinforcementlearningmodelformultishipcollisionavoidancedecisionmakingdesignimplementationandperformanceanalysis