Autophagy is involved in the toxicity of the biocontrol agent GC16 against Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on transcriptomic and proteomic analyses
Abstract Background GC16 is a novel pesticide with acaricidal properties against the spider mite Tetranychus pueraricola (Ehara & Gotoh). Its physiological mechanisms have been described previously, but its molecular mechanisms of action remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to explore the acaricidal m...
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2025-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-025-11312-7 |
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| author | Yanyan He Guangzu Du Guang Wang Huiming Guan Shusheng Zhu Bin Chen Xiahong He Youyong Zhu |
| author_facet | Yanyan He Guangzu Du Guang Wang Huiming Guan Shusheng Zhu Bin Chen Xiahong He Youyong Zhu |
| author_sort | Yanyan He |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background GC16 is a novel pesticide with acaricidal properties against the spider mite Tetranychus pueraricola (Ehara & Gotoh). Its physiological mechanisms have been described previously, but its molecular mechanisms of action remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to explore the acaricidal mechanisms of GC16 through transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. The results were verified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunofluorescence assay, and western blotting. Results Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed 2717 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 374 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the GC16-treated and control mites. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs and DEPs were enriched in the autophagy pathway. TEM showed that the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes was higher in the GC16-treated mites than in the control mites. Immunofluorescence assay and western blot results consistently indicated that GC16 treatment significantly enhanced the relative expression of the autophagy protein LC3 in insect Sf9 cells. The intracellular calcium concentration in the GC16-treated Sf9 cells was 2.30 times higher than that in the control cells, suggesting that GC16 disrupted calcium homeostasis and potentially acted as a calcium-driven nerve agent. Conclusions Autophagy is involved in the toxicity of GC16 against T. pueraricola and may be activated by elevated Ca2+ levels. This study reveals the molecular insecticidal mechanisms of GC16 and provides rationale for the field application of GC16 to control pest mites. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-2164 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Genomics |
| spelling | doaj-art-173f37ef9d1f4c4d93ae5e8601bfd7a62025-02-09T12:13:50ZengBMCBMC Genomics1471-21642025-02-0126111710.1186/s12864-025-11312-7Autophagy is involved in the toxicity of the biocontrol agent GC16 against Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on transcriptomic and proteomic analysesYanyan He0Guangzu Du1Guang Wang2Huiming Guan3Shusheng Zhu4Bin Chen5Xiahong He6Youyong Zhu7School of Agriculture, Yunnan UniversityState Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityState Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityInner Mongolia Wulanchabu Science and Technology Development CenterState Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityState Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural UniversitySouthwest Forestry UniversitySchool of Agriculture, Yunnan UniversityAbstract Background GC16 is a novel pesticide with acaricidal properties against the spider mite Tetranychus pueraricola (Ehara & Gotoh). Its physiological mechanisms have been described previously, but its molecular mechanisms of action remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to explore the acaricidal mechanisms of GC16 through transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. The results were verified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunofluorescence assay, and western blotting. Results Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed 2717 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 374 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the GC16-treated and control mites. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs and DEPs were enriched in the autophagy pathway. TEM showed that the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes was higher in the GC16-treated mites than in the control mites. Immunofluorescence assay and western blot results consistently indicated that GC16 treatment significantly enhanced the relative expression of the autophagy protein LC3 in insect Sf9 cells. The intracellular calcium concentration in the GC16-treated Sf9 cells was 2.30 times higher than that in the control cells, suggesting that GC16 disrupted calcium homeostasis and potentially acted as a calcium-driven nerve agent. Conclusions Autophagy is involved in the toxicity of GC16 against T. pueraricola and may be activated by elevated Ca2+ levels. This study reveals the molecular insecticidal mechanisms of GC16 and provides rationale for the field application of GC16 to control pest mites.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-025-11312-7GC16 biopesticideAutophagyTranscriptomicProteomicToxicityTetranychus Pueraricola |
| spellingShingle | Yanyan He Guangzu Du Guang Wang Huiming Guan Shusheng Zhu Bin Chen Xiahong He Youyong Zhu Autophagy is involved in the toxicity of the biocontrol agent GC16 against Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on transcriptomic and proteomic analyses BMC Genomics GC16 biopesticide Autophagy Transcriptomic Proteomic Toxicity Tetranychus Pueraricola |
| title | Autophagy is involved in the toxicity of the biocontrol agent GC16 against Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on transcriptomic and proteomic analyses |
| title_full | Autophagy is involved in the toxicity of the biocontrol agent GC16 against Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on transcriptomic and proteomic analyses |
| title_fullStr | Autophagy is involved in the toxicity of the biocontrol agent GC16 against Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on transcriptomic and proteomic analyses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Autophagy is involved in the toxicity of the biocontrol agent GC16 against Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on transcriptomic and proteomic analyses |
| title_short | Autophagy is involved in the toxicity of the biocontrol agent GC16 against Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on transcriptomic and proteomic analyses |
| title_sort | autophagy is involved in the toxicity of the biocontrol agent gc16 against tetranychus pueraricola acari tetranychidae based on transcriptomic and proteomic analyses |
| topic | GC16 biopesticide Autophagy Transcriptomic Proteomic Toxicity Tetranychus Pueraricola |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-025-11312-7 |
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