A Computationally Efficient <i>p</i>-Refinement Finite Element Method Approach for the Fracture Analysis of Axially Cracked Pipes with Composite Patch Reinforcement

Cylindrical shells are widely used in pipelines, pressure vessels, and aircraft fuselages due to their efficient internal pressure distribution. However, axial cracks caused by fatigue, environmental effects, or mechanical loading compromise structural integrity, requiring effective reinforcement. T...

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Main Author: Jae S. Ahn
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Applied Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/5/2711
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author Jae S. Ahn
author_facet Jae S. Ahn
author_sort Jae S. Ahn
collection DOAJ
description Cylindrical shells are widely used in pipelines, pressure vessels, and aircraft fuselages due to their efficient internal pressure distribution. However, axial cracks caused by fatigue, environmental effects, or mechanical loading compromise structural integrity, requiring effective reinforcement. This study presents a finite element modeling approach integrating <i>p</i>-refinement techniques for the efficient analysis of axially cracked pipes reinforced with composite patches. The proposed method unifies equivalent single-layer and layer-wise theories into a single finite element type, improving computational efficiency and eliminating the need for multiple element types in transition elements. Benchmark studies show that the proposed model accurately predicts mechanical behavior, with maximum displacement and stress intensity factors (SIFs) deviating by less than 5% from reference solutions. Fracture analysis using the virtual crack closure technique confirms the accuracy of the SIF calculations. In patched cracked pipes, the proposed model achieves a 67% reduction in degrees of freedom compared to conventional <i>p</i>-refinement layer-wise models, while maintaining computational accuracy. Additionally, boron–epoxy composite patches reduce SIFs by up to 40%, demonstrating effective crack reinforcement. These findings support computationally efficient damage-tolerant design strategies for pressurized cylindrical structures in aerospace, marine, and mechanical engineering.
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spelling doaj-art-173cc66f18a547e5b20095ea86885ced2025-08-20T02:57:40ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-03-01155271110.3390/app15052711A Computationally Efficient <i>p</i>-Refinement Finite Element Method Approach for the Fracture Analysis of Axially Cracked Pipes with Composite Patch ReinforcementJae S. Ahn0School of General Education, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of KoreaCylindrical shells are widely used in pipelines, pressure vessels, and aircraft fuselages due to their efficient internal pressure distribution. However, axial cracks caused by fatigue, environmental effects, or mechanical loading compromise structural integrity, requiring effective reinforcement. This study presents a finite element modeling approach integrating <i>p</i>-refinement techniques for the efficient analysis of axially cracked pipes reinforced with composite patches. The proposed method unifies equivalent single-layer and layer-wise theories into a single finite element type, improving computational efficiency and eliminating the need for multiple element types in transition elements. Benchmark studies show that the proposed model accurately predicts mechanical behavior, with maximum displacement and stress intensity factors (SIFs) deviating by less than 5% from reference solutions. Fracture analysis using the virtual crack closure technique confirms the accuracy of the SIF calculations. In patched cracked pipes, the proposed model achieves a 67% reduction in degrees of freedom compared to conventional <i>p</i>-refinement layer-wise models, while maintaining computational accuracy. Additionally, boron–epoxy composite patches reduce SIFs by up to 40%, demonstrating effective crack reinforcement. These findings support computationally efficient damage-tolerant design strategies for pressurized cylindrical structures in aerospace, marine, and mechanical engineering.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/5/2711axial crackcomposite patch<i>p</i>-refinement FEMstress intensity factorvirtual crack closure technique
spellingShingle Jae S. Ahn
A Computationally Efficient <i>p</i>-Refinement Finite Element Method Approach for the Fracture Analysis of Axially Cracked Pipes with Composite Patch Reinforcement
Applied Sciences
axial crack
composite patch
<i>p</i>-refinement FEM
stress intensity factor
virtual crack closure technique
title A Computationally Efficient <i>p</i>-Refinement Finite Element Method Approach for the Fracture Analysis of Axially Cracked Pipes with Composite Patch Reinforcement
title_full A Computationally Efficient <i>p</i>-Refinement Finite Element Method Approach for the Fracture Analysis of Axially Cracked Pipes with Composite Patch Reinforcement
title_fullStr A Computationally Efficient <i>p</i>-Refinement Finite Element Method Approach for the Fracture Analysis of Axially Cracked Pipes with Composite Patch Reinforcement
title_full_unstemmed A Computationally Efficient <i>p</i>-Refinement Finite Element Method Approach for the Fracture Analysis of Axially Cracked Pipes with Composite Patch Reinforcement
title_short A Computationally Efficient <i>p</i>-Refinement Finite Element Method Approach for the Fracture Analysis of Axially Cracked Pipes with Composite Patch Reinforcement
title_sort computationally efficient i p i refinement finite element method approach for the fracture analysis of axially cracked pipes with composite patch reinforcement
topic axial crack
composite patch
<i>p</i>-refinement FEM
stress intensity factor
virtual crack closure technique
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/5/2711
work_keys_str_mv AT jaesahn acomputationallyefficientipirefinementfiniteelementmethodapproachforthefractureanalysisofaxiallycrackedpipeswithcompositepatchreinforcement
AT jaesahn computationallyefficientipirefinementfiniteelementmethodapproachforthefractureanalysisofaxiallycrackedpipeswithcompositepatchreinforcement