Young people's compliance with the Experience Sampling Method (ESM): Examining patterns, predictors and associations with well-being and mental health
The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) can help young people gain insight into their fluctuating emotions through multiple daily surveys. This can act as an intervention to improve well-being and mental health. However, the effectiveness of ESM interventions is expected to depend on compliance, i.e.,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-09-01
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| Series: | Internet Interventions |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214782925000600 |
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| author | Julius März Lianne P. de Vries Hanneke Scholten Annabel Vreeker Jeroen S. Legerstee Loes Keijsers Brenda W.J.H. Penninx Manon H.J. Hillegers |
| author_facet | Julius März Lianne P. de Vries Hanneke Scholten Annabel Vreeker Jeroen S. Legerstee Loes Keijsers Brenda W.J.H. Penninx Manon H.J. Hillegers |
| author_sort | Julius März |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) can help young people gain insight into their fluctuating emotions through multiple daily surveys. This can act as an intervention to improve well-being and mental health. However, the effectiveness of ESM interventions is expected to depend on compliance, i.e., how often participants respond to these surveys. We aimed to understand compliance patterns among young people during an ESM-based intervention, explored predictors of these patterns, and examined if the intervention's impact on well-being and mental health varied with compliance levels.Dutch adolescents and young adults (N = 1139, 12–25 years, mean age = 17.67; 79 % female) completed baseline questionnaires, responded to five daily ESM surveys over three weeks using the Grow It! app, and completed follow-up questionnaires.Despite overall low compliance (mean compliance = 33.8 %), latent class growth analyses identified four compliance patterns: stable high (N = 176; M = 78.8 %), stable medium (N = 193; M = 50.1 %), high initial and decreasing (N = 272; M = 30.9 %), and low initial and decreasing (N = 498; M = 13.2 %). These patterns were not consistently associated with age, gender, education, baseline well-being, or depressive and anxiety symptoms, and did not influence the intervention's effect on well-being and mental health outcomes.We identified specific ESM compliance patterns among young people but found no clear predictors or outcomes of these patterns. To improve compliance and intervention effectiveness, future ESM interventions can potentially be enhanced by personalized designs, incorporating intrinsic and extrinsic motivators, and investigating situational factors and additional participant characteristics. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-172c0ec3ae66418da7da27d489befd5d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2214-7829 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Internet Interventions |
| spelling | doaj-art-172c0ec3ae66418da7da27d489befd5d2025-08-26T04:14:21ZengElsevierInternet Interventions2214-78292025-09-014110085910.1016/j.invent.2025.100859Young people's compliance with the Experience Sampling Method (ESM): Examining patterns, predictors and associations with well-being and mental healthJulius März0Lianne P. de Vries1Hanneke Scholten2Annabel Vreeker3Jeroen S. Legerstee4Loes Keijsers5Brenda W.J.H. Penninx6Manon H.J. Hillegers7Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Corresponding author.Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsDepartment of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsDepartment of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Team Youth and Family, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the NetherlandsDepartment of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsDepartment of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Team Youth and Family, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the NetherlandsDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsDepartment of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsThe Experience Sampling Method (ESM) can help young people gain insight into their fluctuating emotions through multiple daily surveys. This can act as an intervention to improve well-being and mental health. However, the effectiveness of ESM interventions is expected to depend on compliance, i.e., how often participants respond to these surveys. We aimed to understand compliance patterns among young people during an ESM-based intervention, explored predictors of these patterns, and examined if the intervention's impact on well-being and mental health varied with compliance levels.Dutch adolescents and young adults (N = 1139, 12–25 years, mean age = 17.67; 79 % female) completed baseline questionnaires, responded to five daily ESM surveys over three weeks using the Grow It! app, and completed follow-up questionnaires.Despite overall low compliance (mean compliance = 33.8 %), latent class growth analyses identified four compliance patterns: stable high (N = 176; M = 78.8 %), stable medium (N = 193; M = 50.1 %), high initial and decreasing (N = 272; M = 30.9 %), and low initial and decreasing (N = 498; M = 13.2 %). These patterns were not consistently associated with age, gender, education, baseline well-being, or depressive and anxiety symptoms, and did not influence the intervention's effect on well-being and mental health outcomes.We identified specific ESM compliance patterns among young people but found no clear predictors or outcomes of these patterns. To improve compliance and intervention effectiveness, future ESM interventions can potentially be enhanced by personalized designs, incorporating intrinsic and extrinsic motivators, and investigating situational factors and additional participant characteristics.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214782925000600Experience sampling methodMobile mental healthComplianceYoung peopleWell-beingLatent class growth analysis |
| spellingShingle | Julius März Lianne P. de Vries Hanneke Scholten Annabel Vreeker Jeroen S. Legerstee Loes Keijsers Brenda W.J.H. Penninx Manon H.J. Hillegers Young people's compliance with the Experience Sampling Method (ESM): Examining patterns, predictors and associations with well-being and mental health Internet Interventions Experience sampling method Mobile mental health Compliance Young people Well-being Latent class growth analysis |
| title | Young people's compliance with the Experience Sampling Method (ESM): Examining patterns, predictors and associations with well-being and mental health |
| title_full | Young people's compliance with the Experience Sampling Method (ESM): Examining patterns, predictors and associations with well-being and mental health |
| title_fullStr | Young people's compliance with the Experience Sampling Method (ESM): Examining patterns, predictors and associations with well-being and mental health |
| title_full_unstemmed | Young people's compliance with the Experience Sampling Method (ESM): Examining patterns, predictors and associations with well-being and mental health |
| title_short | Young people's compliance with the Experience Sampling Method (ESM): Examining patterns, predictors and associations with well-being and mental health |
| title_sort | young people s compliance with the experience sampling method esm examining patterns predictors and associations with well being and mental health |
| topic | Experience sampling method Mobile mental health Compliance Young people Well-being Latent class growth analysis |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214782925000600 |
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