Using Machine Learning to Detect Vault (Anti-Forensic) Apps

Content hiding, or vault applications (apps), are designed with a secondary, often concealed purpose, such as encrypting and storing files. While these apps may serve legitimate functions, they unequivocally present significant challenges for law enforcement. Conventional methods for tackling this i...

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Main Authors: Michael N. Johnstone, Wencheng Yang, Mohiuddin Ahmed
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Future Internet
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/5/186
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author Michael N. Johnstone
Wencheng Yang
Mohiuddin Ahmed
author_facet Michael N. Johnstone
Wencheng Yang
Mohiuddin Ahmed
author_sort Michael N. Johnstone
collection DOAJ
description Content hiding, or vault applications (apps), are designed with a secondary, often concealed purpose, such as encrypting and storing files. While these apps may serve legitimate functions, they unequivocally present significant challenges for law enforcement. Conventional methods for tackling this issue, whether static or dynamic, prove inadequate when devices—typically smartphones—cannot be modified. Additionally, these methods frequently require prior knowledge of which apps are classified as vault apps. This research decisively demonstrates that a non-invasive method of app analysis, combined with machine learning, can effectively identify vault apps. Our findings reveal that it is entirely possible to detect an Android vault app with 98% accuracy using a random forest classifier. This clearly indicates that our approach can be instrumental for law enforcement in their efforts to address this critical issue.
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spelling doaj-art-171e77a0cc274b02bc1b1d044d1531c42025-08-20T02:33:48ZengMDPI AGFuture Internet1999-59032025-04-0117518610.3390/fi17050186Using Machine Learning to Detect Vault (Anti-Forensic) AppsMichael N. Johnstone0Wencheng Yang1Mohiuddin Ahmed2School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, AustraliaSchool of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, AustraliaSchool of Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, AustraliaContent hiding, or vault applications (apps), are designed with a secondary, often concealed purpose, such as encrypting and storing files. While these apps may serve legitimate functions, they unequivocally present significant challenges for law enforcement. Conventional methods for tackling this issue, whether static or dynamic, prove inadequate when devices—typically smartphones—cannot be modified. Additionally, these methods frequently require prior knowledge of which apps are classified as vault apps. This research decisively demonstrates that a non-invasive method of app analysis, combined with machine learning, can effectively identify vault apps. Our findings reveal that it is entirely possible to detect an Android vault app with 98% accuracy using a random forest classifier. This clearly indicates that our approach can be instrumental for law enforcement in their efforts to address this critical issue.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/5/186software developmentvault appscontent hidingmalware detectionmachine learningAndroid
spellingShingle Michael N. Johnstone
Wencheng Yang
Mohiuddin Ahmed
Using Machine Learning to Detect Vault (Anti-Forensic) Apps
Future Internet
software development
vault apps
content hiding
malware detection
machine learning
Android
title Using Machine Learning to Detect Vault (Anti-Forensic) Apps
title_full Using Machine Learning to Detect Vault (Anti-Forensic) Apps
title_fullStr Using Machine Learning to Detect Vault (Anti-Forensic) Apps
title_full_unstemmed Using Machine Learning to Detect Vault (Anti-Forensic) Apps
title_short Using Machine Learning to Detect Vault (Anti-Forensic) Apps
title_sort using machine learning to detect vault anti forensic apps
topic software development
vault apps
content hiding
malware detection
machine learning
Android
url https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/17/5/186
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