Agronomic Management, Socioeconomic Factors, and Carbon and Nitrogen Pools in Avocado–Coffee Systems in Huatusco, Veracruz, México
Avocado cultivation is displacing traditional coffee production in Veracruz, Mexico. This change modifies the floristic composition and agronomic management (AM), both of which are affected by socioeconomic factors and generate variation in edaphic conditions. The objective of this research was to i...
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2025-02-01
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| author | Diana Ayala-Montejo Pablo Martínez-Zurimendi Juan Fernando Gallardo-Lancho Rufo Sánchez-Hernández Eduardo Valdés-Velarde Teresita de Jesús Santiago-Vera Joel Pérez-Nieto |
| author_facet | Diana Ayala-Montejo Pablo Martínez-Zurimendi Juan Fernando Gallardo-Lancho Rufo Sánchez-Hernández Eduardo Valdés-Velarde Teresita de Jesús Santiago-Vera Joel Pérez-Nieto |
| author_sort | Diana Ayala-Montejo |
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| description | Avocado cultivation is displacing traditional coffee production in Veracruz, Mexico. This change modifies the floristic composition and agronomic management (AM), both of which are affected by socioeconomic factors and generate variation in edaphic conditions. The objective of this research was to identify the socioeconomic variables that modify the characteristics of the AM of avocado and coffee systems and have repercussions on the carbon and nitrogen pools. Four case studies were analyzed: a renovated coffee polyculture (SRC), severely cleaned coffee polyculture (IPC), avocado–coffee system (ACS), and conventional avocado orchard (CAO). A socioeconomic analysis was carried out with a 30-year economic projection and 56 variables. Three plots were installed where vegetal biomass carbon (VBC) was evaluated; soil samples were taken in theses plots at three depths (in triplicate) to determine soil organic carbon (SOC) and total soil nitrogen (TSN) in each case. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Four economic variables explain 50.9% of the variation in agronomic management and five social variables 50.2%, in both cases where the component is considered. In all systems, the variation in VBC is explained by the agronomic management, while the reported SOC presents an inverse relationship with AM. The ACS presents the higher values in total C in the system, and SOC and TSN pools, while the CAO shows negative impacts concerning soil organic matter quality. The ACS is sensitive to investment, market diversity, education, and external organic residue addition, explaining the variations in AM and the TSN pools. |
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| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-16e7a9783f964ca18a0cca2a4d4d678e2025-08-20T03:44:00ZengMDPI AGResources2079-92762025-02-011433510.3390/resources14030035Agronomic Management, Socioeconomic Factors, and Carbon and Nitrogen Pools in Avocado–Coffee Systems in Huatusco, Veracruz, MéxicoDiana Ayala-Montejo0Pablo Martínez-Zurimendi1Juan Fernando Gallardo-Lancho2Rufo Sánchez-Hernández3Eduardo Valdés-Velarde4Teresita de Jesús Santiago-Vera5Joel Pérez-Nieto6Ministry of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation, Mexico (SECIHTI), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, Mexico City 03940, Ciudad de Mexico, MexicoVillahermosa Unit, Department of Agriculture, Society and Environment, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Villahermosa-Reforma km 15.5, Ranchería Guineo II Section, Villahermosa 86280, Tabasco, MexicoHigher Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), IRNASa, 37008 Salamanca, SpainAcademic Division of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carret era Villahermosa-Teapa km 25.2 Ranchería la Huasteca II Section, Villahermosa 86298, Tabasco, MexicoDepartment of Phytotecnics, Chapingo Autonomous University, Carretera México-Texcoco km 38.5, Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, State of Mexico, MexicoMinistry of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation, Mexico (SECIHTI), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, Mexico City 03940, Ciudad de Mexico, MexicoDepartment of Phytotecnics, Chapingo Autonomous University, Carretera México-Texcoco km 38.5, Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, State of Mexico, MexicoAvocado cultivation is displacing traditional coffee production in Veracruz, Mexico. This change modifies the floristic composition and agronomic management (AM), both of which are affected by socioeconomic factors and generate variation in edaphic conditions. The objective of this research was to identify the socioeconomic variables that modify the characteristics of the AM of avocado and coffee systems and have repercussions on the carbon and nitrogen pools. Four case studies were analyzed: a renovated coffee polyculture (SRC), severely cleaned coffee polyculture (IPC), avocado–coffee system (ACS), and conventional avocado orchard (CAO). A socioeconomic analysis was carried out with a 30-year economic projection and 56 variables. Three plots were installed where vegetal biomass carbon (VBC) was evaluated; soil samples were taken in theses plots at three depths (in triplicate) to determine soil organic carbon (SOC) and total soil nitrogen (TSN) in each case. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Four economic variables explain 50.9% of the variation in agronomic management and five social variables 50.2%, in both cases where the component is considered. In all systems, the variation in VBC is explained by the agronomic management, while the reported SOC presents an inverse relationship with AM. The ACS presents the higher values in total C in the system, and SOC and TSN pools, while the CAO shows negative impacts concerning soil organic matter quality. The ACS is sensitive to investment, market diversity, education, and external organic residue addition, explaining the variations in AM and the TSN pools.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/14/3/35productive diversificationinvestment capacity<i>Persea americana</i><i>Coffea arabica</i> |
| spellingShingle | Diana Ayala-Montejo Pablo Martínez-Zurimendi Juan Fernando Gallardo-Lancho Rufo Sánchez-Hernández Eduardo Valdés-Velarde Teresita de Jesús Santiago-Vera Joel Pérez-Nieto Agronomic Management, Socioeconomic Factors, and Carbon and Nitrogen Pools in Avocado–Coffee Systems in Huatusco, Veracruz, México Resources productive diversification investment capacity <i>Persea americana</i> <i>Coffea arabica</i> |
| title | Agronomic Management, Socioeconomic Factors, and Carbon and Nitrogen Pools in Avocado–Coffee Systems in Huatusco, Veracruz, México |
| title_full | Agronomic Management, Socioeconomic Factors, and Carbon and Nitrogen Pools in Avocado–Coffee Systems in Huatusco, Veracruz, México |
| title_fullStr | Agronomic Management, Socioeconomic Factors, and Carbon and Nitrogen Pools in Avocado–Coffee Systems in Huatusco, Veracruz, México |
| title_full_unstemmed | Agronomic Management, Socioeconomic Factors, and Carbon and Nitrogen Pools in Avocado–Coffee Systems in Huatusco, Veracruz, México |
| title_short | Agronomic Management, Socioeconomic Factors, and Carbon and Nitrogen Pools in Avocado–Coffee Systems in Huatusco, Veracruz, México |
| title_sort | agronomic management socioeconomic factors and carbon and nitrogen pools in avocado coffee systems in huatusco veracruz mexico |
| topic | productive diversification investment capacity <i>Persea americana</i> <i>Coffea arabica</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/14/3/35 |
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