nPPoS: Non-interactive practical proof-of-storage for blockchain
Blockchain full nodes are pivotal for transaction availability, as they store the entire ledger, but verifying their storage integrity faces challenges from malicious remote storage attacks such as Sybil, outsourcing, and generation attacks. However, there is no suitable proof-of-storage solution fo...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Blockchain: Research and Applications |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720924000344 |
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| author | Jun Wook Heo Gowri Ramachandran Raja Jurdak |
| author_facet | Jun Wook Heo Gowri Ramachandran Raja Jurdak |
| author_sort | Jun Wook Heo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Blockchain full nodes are pivotal for transaction availability, as they store the entire ledger, but verifying their storage integrity faces challenges from malicious remote storage attacks such as Sybil, outsourcing, and generation attacks. However, there is no suitable proof-of-storage solution for blockchain full nodes to ensure a healthy number of replicas of the ledger. Existing proof-of-storage solutions are designed for general-purpose settings where a data owner uses secret information to verify storage, rendering them unsuitable for blockchain where proof-of-storage must be fast, publicly verifiable, and data owner-agnostic. This paper introduces a decentralised and quantum-resistant solution named Non-interactive Practical Proof of Storage (nPPoS) with an asymmetric encoding and decoding scheme for fast and secure PoStorage and Zero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent Arguments of Knowledge (zk-STARKs) for public variability in blockchain full nodes. The algorithm with asymmetric times for encoding and decoding creates unique block replicas and corresponding proofs for each storage node to mitigate malicious remote attacks and minimise performance degradation. The intentional resource-intensive encoding deters attacks, while faster decoding minimises performance overhead. Through zk-STARKs, nPPoS achieves public verifiability, enabling one-to-many verification for scalability, quantum resistance and decentralisation. It also introduces a two-phase randomisation technique and a time-weighted trustworthiness measurement for scalability and adaptability. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-16d4af3a3a974da194cade28f701b8bd |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2666-9536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Blockchain: Research and Applications |
| spelling | doaj-art-16d4af3a3a974da194cade28f701b8bd2025-08-20T02:32:46ZengElsevierBlockchain: Research and Applications2666-95362024-12-015410022110.1016/j.bcra.2024.100221nPPoS: Non-interactive practical proof-of-storage for blockchainJun Wook Heo0Gowri Ramachandran1Raja Jurdak2Corresponding author.; School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, QLD, AustraliaSchool of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, QLD, AustraliaSchool of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, QLD, AustraliaBlockchain full nodes are pivotal for transaction availability, as they store the entire ledger, but verifying their storage integrity faces challenges from malicious remote storage attacks such as Sybil, outsourcing, and generation attacks. However, there is no suitable proof-of-storage solution for blockchain full nodes to ensure a healthy number of replicas of the ledger. Existing proof-of-storage solutions are designed for general-purpose settings where a data owner uses secret information to verify storage, rendering them unsuitable for blockchain where proof-of-storage must be fast, publicly verifiable, and data owner-agnostic. This paper introduces a decentralised and quantum-resistant solution named Non-interactive Practical Proof of Storage (nPPoS) with an asymmetric encoding and decoding scheme for fast and secure PoStorage and Zero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent Arguments of Knowledge (zk-STARKs) for public variability in blockchain full nodes. The algorithm with asymmetric times for encoding and decoding creates unique block replicas and corresponding proofs for each storage node to mitigate malicious remote attacks and minimise performance degradation. The intentional resource-intensive encoding deters attacks, while faster decoding minimises performance overhead. Through zk-STARKs, nPPoS achieves public verifiability, enabling one-to-many verification for scalability, quantum resistance and decentralisation. It also introduces a two-phase randomisation technique and a time-weighted trustworthiness measurement for scalability and adaptability.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720924000344BlockchainProof-of-storagezk-starks |
| spellingShingle | Jun Wook Heo Gowri Ramachandran Raja Jurdak nPPoS: Non-interactive practical proof-of-storage for blockchain Blockchain: Research and Applications Blockchain Proof-of-storage zk-starks |
| title | nPPoS: Non-interactive practical proof-of-storage for blockchain |
| title_full | nPPoS: Non-interactive practical proof-of-storage for blockchain |
| title_fullStr | nPPoS: Non-interactive practical proof-of-storage for blockchain |
| title_full_unstemmed | nPPoS: Non-interactive practical proof-of-storage for blockchain |
| title_short | nPPoS: Non-interactive practical proof-of-storage for blockchain |
| title_sort | nppos non interactive practical proof of storage for blockchain |
| topic | Blockchain Proof-of-storage zk-starks |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720924000344 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT junwookheo npposnoninteractivepracticalproofofstorageforblockchain AT gowriramachandran npposnoninteractivepracticalproofofstorageforblockchain AT rajajurdak npposnoninteractivepracticalproofofstorageforblockchain |