Mixed correlations between groundwater extraction in India and accumulation of physical and human capital

The idea of weak sustainability posits that the exploitation of a natural resource, even if it depletes it, could be accompanied by investments in man-made forms of capital that may help maintain human wellbeing in the long run. Here, we conduct an initial test of the empirical evidence that such in...

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Main Authors: Howard Tobochnik, Esha Zaveri, Ram Fishman
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IOP Publishing 2025-01-01
Series:Environmental Research Letters
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/addd32
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author Howard Tobochnik
Esha Zaveri
Ram Fishman
author_facet Howard Tobochnik
Esha Zaveri
Ram Fishman
author_sort Howard Tobochnik
collection DOAJ
description The idea of weak sustainability posits that the exploitation of a natural resource, even if it depletes it, could be accompanied by investments in man-made forms of capital that may help maintain human wellbeing in the long run. Here, we conduct an initial test of the empirical evidence that such investments were made in the context of groundwater extraction in India. Irrigation with groundwater has played a crucial role in India’s rural development, but also made it the world’s largest consumer of groundwater with fast depleting aquifers. We test whether in locations that have extracted greater amounts of water between 1966–2009, there are indications of greater accumulation of household level physical (assets) and human (education and health) capital, presumably through the investment of income generated from irrigation. We document positive correlations between groundwater utilization and the accumulation of physical assets. The results are more mixed for correlations with health and learning outcomes, which are likely the most important for the diversification of income away from farming once irrigation is no longer viable.
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spelling doaj-art-16b0ddca40cf40b2b03af4cd2f0b66f22025-08-20T03:44:39ZengIOP PublishingEnvironmental Research Letters1748-93262025-01-0120707404410.1088/1748-9326/addd32Mixed correlations between groundwater extraction in India and accumulation of physical and human capitalHoward Tobochnik0Esha Zaveri1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3460-4182Ram Fishman2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0381-9153Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv-Yafo, IsraelWorld Bank , Washington, DC, United States of AmericaTel Aviv University , Tel Aviv-Yafo, IsraelThe idea of weak sustainability posits that the exploitation of a natural resource, even if it depletes it, could be accompanied by investments in man-made forms of capital that may help maintain human wellbeing in the long run. Here, we conduct an initial test of the empirical evidence that such investments were made in the context of groundwater extraction in India. Irrigation with groundwater has played a crucial role in India’s rural development, but also made it the world’s largest consumer of groundwater with fast depleting aquifers. We test whether in locations that have extracted greater amounts of water between 1966–2009, there are indications of greater accumulation of household level physical (assets) and human (education and health) capital, presumably through the investment of income generated from irrigation. We document positive correlations between groundwater utilization and the accumulation of physical assets. The results are more mixed for correlations with health and learning outcomes, which are likely the most important for the diversification of income away from farming once irrigation is no longer viable.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/addd32groundwaterweak sustainabilityIndia
spellingShingle Howard Tobochnik
Esha Zaveri
Ram Fishman
Mixed correlations between groundwater extraction in India and accumulation of physical and human capital
Environmental Research Letters
groundwater
weak sustainability
India
title Mixed correlations between groundwater extraction in India and accumulation of physical and human capital
title_full Mixed correlations between groundwater extraction in India and accumulation of physical and human capital
title_fullStr Mixed correlations between groundwater extraction in India and accumulation of physical and human capital
title_full_unstemmed Mixed correlations between groundwater extraction in India and accumulation of physical and human capital
title_short Mixed correlations between groundwater extraction in India and accumulation of physical and human capital
title_sort mixed correlations between groundwater extraction in india and accumulation of physical and human capital
topic groundwater
weak sustainability
India
url https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/addd32
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