Identifying stepping-stones within small wetlands in highly urbanized areas and under network construction: A case study of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao greater Bay Area, China

In highly urbanized areas, small wetlands can provide multiple ecosystem services while benefiting the well-being of citizens. Although existing studies on wetland ecological networks have prioritized large wetland conservation measures, insufficient attention has been paid to the distribution patte...

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Main Authors: Ying Ye, Caixia Chen, Chunxue Yu, Caige Sun, Shoubao Geng
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-07-01
Series:Ecological Indicators
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X25005527
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author Ying Ye
Caixia Chen
Chunxue Yu
Caige Sun
Shoubao Geng
author_facet Ying Ye
Caixia Chen
Chunxue Yu
Caige Sun
Shoubao Geng
author_sort Ying Ye
collection DOAJ
description In highly urbanized areas, small wetlands can provide multiple ecosystem services while benefiting the well-being of citizens. Although existing studies on wetland ecological networks have prioritized large wetland conservation measures, insufficient attention has been paid to the distribution patterns of small wetlands and their role in ecological networks. Utilizing the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area as a case study, we constructed a wetland ecological network to identify ecological pinch points while identifying small wetlands suitable to function as stepping-stones. This approach aims to establish potential corridors within the network and to assess the connectivity and robustness of the network under various scenarios. Our findings identified 297 ecological pinch points within the wetland ecological network alongside 53 small wetlands designated as stepping-stones, predominantly located in Foshan and Zhongshan cities in the central and western regions of the study area. The stepping-stone network comprised of 241 ecological corridors, with enhancements observed in the α, β, and γ indices, thereby significantly expanding the network’s connectivity. Robustness index alterations in the stepping-stone network were moderated in relation to the ecological network, demonstrating that small wetlands can effectively bolster ecological network stability. It is recommended that, considering the distribution of ecological stepping stones of small wetlands, priority be given to the conservation and restoration of small wetlands in Foshan and Zhongshan within the central and western regions of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. This includes delineating conservation zones for small wetlands or establishing clusters of wetland parks centered on small wetlands, thereby maximizing their ecosystem value in supporting the urban agglomeration of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area.
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spelling doaj-art-16a863e1b8904d1bbe3bb4eebf7987b22025-08-20T02:07:27ZengElsevierEcological Indicators1470-160X2025-07-0117611362210.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113622Identifying stepping-stones within small wetlands in highly urbanized areas and under network construction: A case study of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao greater Bay Area, ChinaYing Ye0Caixia Chen1Chunxue Yu2Caige Sun3Shoubao Geng4Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Geographic Spatio-Temporal Big Data, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Geographic Spatio-Temporal Big Data, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; Corresponding author.Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, ChinaSchool of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Geographic Spatio-Temporal Big Data, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, ChinaIn highly urbanized areas, small wetlands can provide multiple ecosystem services while benefiting the well-being of citizens. Although existing studies on wetland ecological networks have prioritized large wetland conservation measures, insufficient attention has been paid to the distribution patterns of small wetlands and their role in ecological networks. Utilizing the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area as a case study, we constructed a wetland ecological network to identify ecological pinch points while identifying small wetlands suitable to function as stepping-stones. This approach aims to establish potential corridors within the network and to assess the connectivity and robustness of the network under various scenarios. Our findings identified 297 ecological pinch points within the wetland ecological network alongside 53 small wetlands designated as stepping-stones, predominantly located in Foshan and Zhongshan cities in the central and western regions of the study area. The stepping-stone network comprised of 241 ecological corridors, with enhancements observed in the α, β, and γ indices, thereby significantly expanding the network’s connectivity. Robustness index alterations in the stepping-stone network were moderated in relation to the ecological network, demonstrating that small wetlands can effectively bolster ecological network stability. It is recommended that, considering the distribution of ecological stepping stones of small wetlands, priority be given to the conservation and restoration of small wetlands in Foshan and Zhongshan within the central and western regions of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. This includes delineating conservation zones for small wetlands or establishing clusters of wetland parks centered on small wetlands, thereby maximizing their ecosystem value in supporting the urban agglomeration of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X25005527Small wetlandStepping-stoneWetland ecological networkGuangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area
spellingShingle Ying Ye
Caixia Chen
Chunxue Yu
Caige Sun
Shoubao Geng
Identifying stepping-stones within small wetlands in highly urbanized areas and under network construction: A case study of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao greater Bay Area, China
Ecological Indicators
Small wetland
Stepping-stone
Wetland ecological network
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area
title Identifying stepping-stones within small wetlands in highly urbanized areas and under network construction: A case study of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao greater Bay Area, China
title_full Identifying stepping-stones within small wetlands in highly urbanized areas and under network construction: A case study of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao greater Bay Area, China
title_fullStr Identifying stepping-stones within small wetlands in highly urbanized areas and under network construction: A case study of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao greater Bay Area, China
title_full_unstemmed Identifying stepping-stones within small wetlands in highly urbanized areas and under network construction: A case study of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao greater Bay Area, China
title_short Identifying stepping-stones within small wetlands in highly urbanized areas and under network construction: A case study of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao greater Bay Area, China
title_sort identifying stepping stones within small wetlands in highly urbanized areas and under network construction a case study of the guangdong hong kong macao greater bay area china
topic Small wetland
Stepping-stone
Wetland ecological network
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X25005527
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