Characterization of Essential Oils from Seven <i>Salvia</i> Taxa from Greece with Chemometric Analysis
Over the years, several studies have investigated the essential oils (EOs) of <i>Salvia</i> taxa, revealing significant chemical variability in their composition. The present study focused on the characterization of the EOs of seven <i>Salvia</i> taxa growing wild in Greece,...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Spyridon Tziakas Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou Panagiota Fraskou Katerina Goula Konstantina Dimakopoulou Helen Skaltsa |
| author_facet | Spyridon Tziakas Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou Panagiota Fraskou Katerina Goula Konstantina Dimakopoulou Helen Skaltsa |
| author_sort | Spyridon Tziakas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Over the years, several studies have investigated the essential oils (EOs) of <i>Salvia</i> taxa, revealing significant chemical variability in their composition. The present study focused on the characterization of the EOs of seven <i>Salvia</i> taxa growing wild in Greece, namely <i>S. aethiopis</i> L., <i>S. argentea</i> L., and <i>S. sclarea</i> L. (<i>Aethiopis</i> section); <i>S. officinalis</i> L. subsp. <i>officinalis</i> and <i>S. tomentosa</i> Mill. (<i>Eusphace</i> section); <i>S. verticillata</i> L. subsp. <i>verticillata</i> (<i>Hemisphace</i> section); and <i>S. amplexicaulis</i> Lam. (<i>Plethiosphace</i> section). Chemometric analysis, including PCA, HCA, and a clustered heat map, were applied to identify possible relationships among the samples based on their constituents, chemical groups, and thujone contents. The analysis classified the samples into two distinct groups based on their chemical classes; Group I (Svert, Sarg, Sampl, and Sath) was characterized by the highest amounts of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (42.7–88.0%), followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (6.7–41.6%) and monoterpenes (0–17.2%), while Group II (Soff, Stom, and SScl) showed the highest amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes (47–66.4%), followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (4.9–22.7%), sesquiterpenes (3.2–15.3%), and oxygenated diterpenes (3.5–9.0%). Regarding thujone content, two major groups were detected. The first group comprised Sscl, Svert, Sarg, Sampl, and Sath while the second group comprised Soff and Stom (Subgenus <i>Salvia</i>/Section <i>Eusphace</i>), which exhibited the highest percentages of thujones. These findings provide a basis for further investigation into taxonomic studies of the <i>Salvia</i> genus. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| spelling | doaj-art-1584bf56bcf04de3a57cf27681d1204c2025-01-24T13:17:15ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952025-01-0115122710.3390/agronomy15010227Characterization of Essential Oils from Seven <i>Salvia</i> Taxa from Greece with Chemometric AnalysisSpyridon Tziakas0Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou1Panagiota Fraskou2Katerina Goula3Konstantina Dimakopoulou4Helen Skaltsa5Section of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, GreeceSection of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, GreeceSection of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, GreeceSection of Ecology and Systematics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, GreeceSection of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, GreeceOver the years, several studies have investigated the essential oils (EOs) of <i>Salvia</i> taxa, revealing significant chemical variability in their composition. The present study focused on the characterization of the EOs of seven <i>Salvia</i> taxa growing wild in Greece, namely <i>S. aethiopis</i> L., <i>S. argentea</i> L., and <i>S. sclarea</i> L. (<i>Aethiopis</i> section); <i>S. officinalis</i> L. subsp. <i>officinalis</i> and <i>S. tomentosa</i> Mill. (<i>Eusphace</i> section); <i>S. verticillata</i> L. subsp. <i>verticillata</i> (<i>Hemisphace</i> section); and <i>S. amplexicaulis</i> Lam. (<i>Plethiosphace</i> section). Chemometric analysis, including PCA, HCA, and a clustered heat map, were applied to identify possible relationships among the samples based on their constituents, chemical groups, and thujone contents. The analysis classified the samples into two distinct groups based on their chemical classes; Group I (Svert, Sarg, Sampl, and Sath) was characterized by the highest amounts of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (42.7–88.0%), followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (6.7–41.6%) and monoterpenes (0–17.2%), while Group II (Soff, Stom, and SScl) showed the highest amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes (47–66.4%), followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (4.9–22.7%), sesquiterpenes (3.2–15.3%), and oxygenated diterpenes (3.5–9.0%). Regarding thujone content, two major groups were detected. The first group comprised Sscl, Svert, Sarg, Sampl, and Sath while the second group comprised Soff and Stom (Subgenus <i>Salvia</i>/Section <i>Eusphace</i>), which exhibited the highest percentages of thujones. These findings provide a basis for further investigation into taxonomic studies of the <i>Salvia</i> genus.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/1/227sagevolatile compoundschemical compositionGC-MSsesquiterpenesmonoterpenes |
| spellingShingle | Spyridon Tziakas Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou Panagiota Fraskou Katerina Goula Konstantina Dimakopoulou Helen Skaltsa Characterization of Essential Oils from Seven <i>Salvia</i> Taxa from Greece with Chemometric Analysis Agronomy sage volatile compounds chemical composition GC-MS sesquiterpenes monoterpenes |
| title | Characterization of Essential Oils from Seven <i>Salvia</i> Taxa from Greece with Chemometric Analysis |
| title_full | Characterization of Essential Oils from Seven <i>Salvia</i> Taxa from Greece with Chemometric Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Characterization of Essential Oils from Seven <i>Salvia</i> Taxa from Greece with Chemometric Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of Essential Oils from Seven <i>Salvia</i> Taxa from Greece with Chemometric Analysis |
| title_short | Characterization of Essential Oils from Seven <i>Salvia</i> Taxa from Greece with Chemometric Analysis |
| title_sort | characterization of essential oils from seven i salvia i taxa from greece with chemometric analysis |
| topic | sage volatile compounds chemical composition GC-MS sesquiterpenes monoterpenes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/1/227 |
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