Nano-Drug Delivery Systems for Bone Metastases: Targeting the Tumor–Bone Microenvironment

Bone metastases are a prevalent and debilitating consequence of various cancers, including breast and prostate carcinomas, which significantly compromise patient quality of life due to pain, fractures, and other skeletal-related events (SREs). This review examines the pathophysiology of bone metasta...

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Main Authors: Mohamad Bakir, Ahmad Dawalibi, Mohammad Alaa Mufti, Ayman Behiery, Khalid S. Mohammad
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Pharmaceutics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/5/603
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author Mohamad Bakir
Ahmad Dawalibi
Mohammad Alaa Mufti
Ayman Behiery
Khalid S. Mohammad
author_facet Mohamad Bakir
Ahmad Dawalibi
Mohammad Alaa Mufti
Ayman Behiery
Khalid S. Mohammad
author_sort Mohamad Bakir
collection DOAJ
description Bone metastases are a prevalent and debilitating consequence of various cancers, including breast and prostate carcinomas, which significantly compromise patient quality of life due to pain, fractures, and other skeletal-related events (SREs). This review examines the pathophysiology of bone metastases, emphasizing the role of the bone microenvironment in tumor progression through mechanisms such as osteotropism and the dysregulated bone remodeling cycle. The primary focus is on the emerging nano-drug delivery systems (DDS) designed to target the bone microenvironment and improve the therapeutic index of anticancer agents. Current treatments, mainly comprising bisphosphonates and radiotherapy, provide palliative benefits but often have limited efficacy and significant side effects. Innovative strategies, such as bisphosphonate-conjugated nanoparticles and targeted therapies that utilize the unique bone marrow niche, are explored for their potential to enhance drug accumulation at metastatic sites while minimizing systemic toxicity. These approaches include the use of liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles, which can be functionalized to exploit the biological barriers within the bone microenvironment. This review also discusses the challenges and future directions for nano-DDS in clinical settings, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary research to effectively integrate these technologies into standard care protocols.
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spelling doaj-art-1545a83033a94c2e83b9734b508b515e2025-08-20T03:14:32ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232025-05-0117560310.3390/pharmaceutics17050603Nano-Drug Delivery Systems for Bone Metastases: Targeting the Tumor–Bone MicroenvironmentMohamad Bakir0Ahmad Dawalibi1Mohammad Alaa Mufti2Ayman Behiery3Khalid S. Mohammad4Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi ArabiaBone metastases are a prevalent and debilitating consequence of various cancers, including breast and prostate carcinomas, which significantly compromise patient quality of life due to pain, fractures, and other skeletal-related events (SREs). This review examines the pathophysiology of bone metastases, emphasizing the role of the bone microenvironment in tumor progression through mechanisms such as osteotropism and the dysregulated bone remodeling cycle. The primary focus is on the emerging nano-drug delivery systems (DDS) designed to target the bone microenvironment and improve the therapeutic index of anticancer agents. Current treatments, mainly comprising bisphosphonates and radiotherapy, provide palliative benefits but often have limited efficacy and significant side effects. Innovative strategies, such as bisphosphonate-conjugated nanoparticles and targeted therapies that utilize the unique bone marrow niche, are explored for their potential to enhance drug accumulation at metastatic sites while minimizing systemic toxicity. These approaches include the use of liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles, which can be functionalized to exploit the biological barriers within the bone microenvironment. This review also discusses the challenges and future directions for nano-DDS in clinical settings, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary research to effectively integrate these technologies into standard care protocols.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/5/603bone metastasesnanoparticles in oncologytargeted drug deliverybone-targeting nanoparticlesnanocarrier systemsnano-therapeutics for bone metastasis
spellingShingle Mohamad Bakir
Ahmad Dawalibi
Mohammad Alaa Mufti
Ayman Behiery
Khalid S. Mohammad
Nano-Drug Delivery Systems for Bone Metastases: Targeting the Tumor–Bone Microenvironment
Pharmaceutics
bone metastases
nanoparticles in oncology
targeted drug delivery
bone-targeting nanoparticles
nanocarrier systems
nano-therapeutics for bone metastasis
title Nano-Drug Delivery Systems for Bone Metastases: Targeting the Tumor–Bone Microenvironment
title_full Nano-Drug Delivery Systems for Bone Metastases: Targeting the Tumor–Bone Microenvironment
title_fullStr Nano-Drug Delivery Systems for Bone Metastases: Targeting the Tumor–Bone Microenvironment
title_full_unstemmed Nano-Drug Delivery Systems for Bone Metastases: Targeting the Tumor–Bone Microenvironment
title_short Nano-Drug Delivery Systems for Bone Metastases: Targeting the Tumor–Bone Microenvironment
title_sort nano drug delivery systems for bone metastases targeting the tumor bone microenvironment
topic bone metastases
nanoparticles in oncology
targeted drug delivery
bone-targeting nanoparticles
nanocarrier systems
nano-therapeutics for bone metastasis
url https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/5/603
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