Loss of the BMP antagonist, SMOC-1, causes Ophthalmo-acromelic (Waardenburg Anophthalmia) syndrome in humans and mice.

Loss of the BMP antagonist, SMOC-1, causes Ophthalmo-acromelic (Waardenburg Anophthalmia) syndrome in humans and mice.

Ophthalmo-acromelic syndrome (OAS), also known as Waardenburg Anophthalmia syndrome, is defined by the combination of eye malformations, most commonly bilateral anophthalmia, with post-axial oligosyndactyly. Homozygosity mapping and subsequent targeted mutation analysis of a locus on 14q24.2 identif...

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Main Authors: Joe Rainger, Ellen van Beusekom, Jacqueline K Ramsay, Lisa McKie, Lihadh Al-Gazali, Rosanna Pallotta, Anita Saponari, Peter Branney, Malcolm Fisher, Harris Morrison, Louise Bicknell, Philippe Gautier, Paul Perry, Kishan Sokhi, David Sexton, Tanya M Bardakjian, Adele S Schneider, Nursel Elcioglu, Ferda Ozkinay, Rainer Koenig, Andre Mégarbané, C Nur Semerci, Ayesha Khan, Saemah Zafar, Raoul Hennekam, Sérgio B Sousa, Lina Ramos, Livia Garavelli, Andrea Superti Furga, Anita Wischmeijer, Ian J Jackson, Gabriele Gillessen-Kaesbach, Han G Brunner, Dagmar Wieczorek, Hans van Bokhoven, David R Fitzpatrick
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011-07-01
Series:PLoS Genetics
Online Access:https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002114&type=printable
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Summary:Ophthalmo-acromelic syndrome (OAS), also known as Waardenburg Anophthalmia syndrome, is defined by the combination of eye malformations, most commonly bilateral anophthalmia, with post-axial oligosyndactyly. Homozygosity mapping and subsequent targeted mutation analysis of a locus on 14q24.2 identified homozygous mutations in SMOC1 (SPARC-related modular calcium binding 1) in eight unrelated families. Four of these mutations are nonsense, two frame-shift, and two missense. The missense mutations are both in the second Thyroglobulin Type-1 (Tg1) domain of the protein. The orthologous gene in the mouse, Smoc1, shows site- and stage-specific expression during eye, limb, craniofacial, and somite development. We also report a targeted pre-conditional gene-trap mutation of Smoc1 (Smoc1(tm1a)) that reduces mRNA to ∼10% of wild-type levels. This gene-trap results in highly penetrant hindlimb post-axial oligosyndactyly in homozygous mutant animals (Smoc1(tm1a/tm1a)). Eye malformations, most commonly coloboma, and cleft palate occur in a significant proportion of Smoc1(tm1a/tm1a) embryos and pups. Thus partial loss of Smoc-1 results in a convincing phenocopy of the human disease. SMOC-1 is one of the two mammalian paralogs of Drosophila Pentagone, an inhibitor of decapentaplegic. The orthologous gene in Xenopus laevis, Smoc-1, also functions as a Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) antagonist in early embryogenesis. Loss of BMP antagonism during mammalian development provides a plausible explanation for both the limb and eye phenotype in humans and mice.
ISSN:1553-7390
1553-7404

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