Sustainable geopolymer footpath block using kaolin mining waste as fine aggregate with bagasse fly ash and coal fly ash as precursor
This study aims to develop environmentally friendly footpath blocks by utilizing Kaolin Mining Waste (KMW) as a fine aggregate and fly ash (FA)/bagasse fly ash (BFA) blends as a precursor in the geopolymerization process. These materials, considered industrial by-products, offer the potential for re...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Cleaner Engineering and Technology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666790825000989 |
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| author | Kitisak Vongsook Aroondet Boonsung Itthikorn Phummiphan Suksun Horpibulsuk Veena Phunpeng Teerasak Yaowarat Kanchana Hiranwatthana Arul Arulrajah |
| author_facet | Kitisak Vongsook Aroondet Boonsung Itthikorn Phummiphan Suksun Horpibulsuk Veena Phunpeng Teerasak Yaowarat Kanchana Hiranwatthana Arul Arulrajah |
| author_sort | Kitisak Vongsook |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aims to develop environmentally friendly footpath blocks by utilizing Kaolin Mining Waste (KMW) as a fine aggregate and fly ash (FA)/bagasse fly ash (BFA) blends as a precursor in the geopolymerization process. These materials, considered industrial by-products, offer the potential for reuse, reducing the reliance on natural resources while promoting sustainability. The experimental works involved substituting FA with BFA at varying proportions by binder weight to identify the optimal ratio for producing footpath blocks that meet standard mechanical requirements. The mechanical characteristics of the footpath blocks were evaluated by testing compressive and flexural strengths, and water absorption. The results indicated that replacing 10 % of FA with BFA (FA90BFA10) accomplished the maximum 28-day compressive strength of 15.6 MPa. A KMW/P ratio of 1.0 proved most effective in increasing flexural strength and minimizing water absorption. Microstructural analysis revealed that combining BFA substitution and the optimal KMW/P ratio created a dense geopolymer matrix with low porosity, enhancing the material's strength and durability. This research demonstrates that integrating KMW, FA, and BFA effectively produces footpath blocks with mechanical properties that meet the local industry standard. Incorporating these agricultural and coal-combustion by-products reduces industrial waste while fostering the manufacture of sustainable footpath block which supports long-term resource conservation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1473bc1cfd484e4483c42502691fd215 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2666-7908 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cleaner Engineering and Technology |
| spelling | doaj-art-1473bc1cfd484e4483c42502691fd2152025-08-20T01:52:03ZengElsevierCleaner Engineering and Technology2666-79082025-05-012610097510.1016/j.clet.2025.100975Sustainable geopolymer footpath block using kaolin mining waste as fine aggregate with bagasse fly ash and coal fly ash as precursorKitisak Vongsook0Aroondet Boonsung1Itthikorn Phummiphan2Suksun Horpibulsuk3Veena Phunpeng4Teerasak Yaowarat5Kanchana Hiranwatthana6Arul Arulrajah7Graduate Program in Civil Engineering and Construction Management, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, ThailandConstruction Management Engineering Program, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Uttaradit Rajabhat University, Uttaradit, 53000, ThailandDepartment of Rural Roads, Bangkok, 10220, ThailandSchool of Civil Engineering, and Center of Excellence in Innovation for Sustainable Infrastructure Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand; Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand; Corresponding author. School of Civil Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.School of Mechanical Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand; Corresponding author.Undergraduate Program in Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, and Center of Excellence in Innovation for Sustainable Infrastructure Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand; Corresponding author.Center of Excellence in Innovation for Sustainable Infrastructure Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, ThailandDepartment of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, AustraliaThis study aims to develop environmentally friendly footpath blocks by utilizing Kaolin Mining Waste (KMW) as a fine aggregate and fly ash (FA)/bagasse fly ash (BFA) blends as a precursor in the geopolymerization process. These materials, considered industrial by-products, offer the potential for reuse, reducing the reliance on natural resources while promoting sustainability. The experimental works involved substituting FA with BFA at varying proportions by binder weight to identify the optimal ratio for producing footpath blocks that meet standard mechanical requirements. The mechanical characteristics of the footpath blocks were evaluated by testing compressive and flexural strengths, and water absorption. The results indicated that replacing 10 % of FA with BFA (FA90BFA10) accomplished the maximum 28-day compressive strength of 15.6 MPa. A KMW/P ratio of 1.0 proved most effective in increasing flexural strength and minimizing water absorption. Microstructural analysis revealed that combining BFA substitution and the optimal KMW/P ratio created a dense geopolymer matrix with low porosity, enhancing the material's strength and durability. This research demonstrates that integrating KMW, FA, and BFA effectively produces footpath blocks with mechanical properties that meet the local industry standard. Incorporating these agricultural and coal-combustion by-products reduces industrial waste while fostering the manufacture of sustainable footpath block which supports long-term resource conservation.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666790825000989Kaolin mining wasteGreen materialFootpath blockGeopolymerBagasse fly ashFly ash |
| spellingShingle | Kitisak Vongsook Aroondet Boonsung Itthikorn Phummiphan Suksun Horpibulsuk Veena Phunpeng Teerasak Yaowarat Kanchana Hiranwatthana Arul Arulrajah Sustainable geopolymer footpath block using kaolin mining waste as fine aggregate with bagasse fly ash and coal fly ash as precursor Cleaner Engineering and Technology Kaolin mining waste Green material Footpath block Geopolymer Bagasse fly ash Fly ash |
| title | Sustainable geopolymer footpath block using kaolin mining waste as fine aggregate with bagasse fly ash and coal fly ash as precursor |
| title_full | Sustainable geopolymer footpath block using kaolin mining waste as fine aggregate with bagasse fly ash and coal fly ash as precursor |
| title_fullStr | Sustainable geopolymer footpath block using kaolin mining waste as fine aggregate with bagasse fly ash and coal fly ash as precursor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sustainable geopolymer footpath block using kaolin mining waste as fine aggregate with bagasse fly ash and coal fly ash as precursor |
| title_short | Sustainable geopolymer footpath block using kaolin mining waste as fine aggregate with bagasse fly ash and coal fly ash as precursor |
| title_sort | sustainable geopolymer footpath block using kaolin mining waste as fine aggregate with bagasse fly ash and coal fly ash as precursor |
| topic | Kaolin mining waste Green material Footpath block Geopolymer Bagasse fly ash Fly ash |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666790825000989 |
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