Factors associated with the frequency of manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder: a multicenter study in China
Abstract Background Mania and depression are the predominant mood episodes in bipolar disorder (BD), and their frequency significantly affects the long-term prognosis of patients. Method This is a multicenter, longitudinal cohort study in China. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patie...
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BMC
2025-05-01
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| Series: | BMC Psychiatry |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06863-8 |
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| author | Shuang Liu Jin-Jie Xu Xue-Quan Zhu Bing-Bing Fu Yan-Li Pan Cong-Cong Sun Sheng Li Gao-Ming Xie Ling Zhang |
| author_facet | Shuang Liu Jin-Jie Xu Xue-Quan Zhu Bing-Bing Fu Yan-Li Pan Cong-Cong Sun Sheng Li Gao-Ming Xie Ling Zhang |
| author_sort | Shuang Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Mania and depression are the predominant mood episodes in bipolar disorder (BD), and their frequency significantly affects the long-term prognosis of patients. Method This is a multicenter, longitudinal cohort study in China. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients were statistically analyzed. Poisson regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the frequency of manic and depressive episodes. Results A total of 520 BD patients were enrolled in this study. Poisson regression model analysis showed that shorter years of education (OR = 1.03, P = 0.03), mixed polarity of the first episode compared to mania (OR = 2.33, P < 0.01) or depression (OR = 1.79, P = 0.01), earlier age at diagnosis (OR = 1.03, P = 0.01), comorbid substance use disorder (OR = 1.41, P = 0.02), presence of psychotic symptoms (OR = 1.18, P = 0.04), use of antidepressant medication (OR = 1.52, P = 0.01), and non-use of mood stabilizers (OR = 1.57, P<0.01) are positively associated with the frequency of manic episodes. Being male (OR = 1.22, P = 0.01), the use of mood stabilizers (OR = 1.47, P<0.01) and a diagnosis of bipolar II disorder (BD-II) compared to bipolar I disorder (BD-I) (OR = 1.27, P = 0.01) are positively associated with the frequency of depressive episodes. Conclusion The study highlights the critical association of clinical and sociodemographic factors with the frequency of manic and depressive episodes in BD patients. Addressing these factors may improve long-term outcomes for individuals with bipolar disorder. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-144e907bc7d449888102ba8ecbb4062c |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1471-244X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj-art-144e907bc7d449888102ba8ecbb4062c2025-08-20T01:53:25ZengBMCBMC Psychiatry1471-244X2025-05-012511910.1186/s12888-025-06863-8Factors associated with the frequency of manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder: a multicenter study in ChinaShuang Liu0Jin-Jie Xu1Xue-Quan Zhu2Bing-Bing Fu3Yan-Li Pan4Cong-Cong Sun5Sheng Li6Gao-Ming Xie7Ling Zhang8Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical UniversityAbstract Background Mania and depression are the predominant mood episodes in bipolar disorder (BD), and their frequency significantly affects the long-term prognosis of patients. Method This is a multicenter, longitudinal cohort study in China. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients were statistically analyzed. Poisson regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the frequency of manic and depressive episodes. Results A total of 520 BD patients were enrolled in this study. Poisson regression model analysis showed that shorter years of education (OR = 1.03, P = 0.03), mixed polarity of the first episode compared to mania (OR = 2.33, P < 0.01) or depression (OR = 1.79, P = 0.01), earlier age at diagnosis (OR = 1.03, P = 0.01), comorbid substance use disorder (OR = 1.41, P = 0.02), presence of psychotic symptoms (OR = 1.18, P = 0.04), use of antidepressant medication (OR = 1.52, P = 0.01), and non-use of mood stabilizers (OR = 1.57, P<0.01) are positively associated with the frequency of manic episodes. Being male (OR = 1.22, P = 0.01), the use of mood stabilizers (OR = 1.47, P<0.01) and a diagnosis of bipolar II disorder (BD-II) compared to bipolar I disorder (BD-I) (OR = 1.27, P = 0.01) are positively associated with the frequency of depressive episodes. Conclusion The study highlights the critical association of clinical and sociodemographic factors with the frequency of manic and depressive episodes in BD patients. Addressing these factors may improve long-term outcomes for individuals with bipolar disorder.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06863-8Bipolar disorderManic episodesDepressive episodesChinaMulticenter study |
| spellingShingle | Shuang Liu Jin-Jie Xu Xue-Quan Zhu Bing-Bing Fu Yan-Li Pan Cong-Cong Sun Sheng Li Gao-Ming Xie Ling Zhang Factors associated with the frequency of manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder: a multicenter study in China BMC Psychiatry Bipolar disorder Manic episodes Depressive episodes China Multicenter study |
| title | Factors associated with the frequency of manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder: a multicenter study in China |
| title_full | Factors associated with the frequency of manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder: a multicenter study in China |
| title_fullStr | Factors associated with the frequency of manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder: a multicenter study in China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Factors associated with the frequency of manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder: a multicenter study in China |
| title_short | Factors associated with the frequency of manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder: a multicenter study in China |
| title_sort | factors associated with the frequency of manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder a multicenter study in china |
| topic | Bipolar disorder Manic episodes Depressive episodes China Multicenter study |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06863-8 |
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