Structural characterization and bioactivity of sulfated Galactan GSSG-2 from Gracilaria salicornia: Antioxidant and anticancer potential
The sulfated galactan GSSG-2, isolated from Gracilaria salicornia, was investigated for its antioxidant and anticancer properties. Polysaccharides derived from marine sources are well-known for their distinctive bioactivities, making them promising candidates for pharmaceutical applications. Purific...
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Elsevier
2025-12-01
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| Series: | Food Hydrocolloids for Health |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667025925000421 |
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| author | Mythileeswari Lakshmikanthan Sakthivel Muthu Peer Mohamed Deen Mohamed Kathiravan Krishnan Nagaraj Karuppiah Ramamoorthy Karuppan Shenbhagaraman Ramalingam Anandhi Subramanian Bharathi Venkatachalam Gholamreza Abdi |
| author_facet | Mythileeswari Lakshmikanthan Sakthivel Muthu Peer Mohamed Deen Mohamed Kathiravan Krishnan Nagaraj Karuppiah Ramamoorthy Karuppan Shenbhagaraman Ramalingam Anandhi Subramanian Bharathi Venkatachalam Gholamreza Abdi |
| author_sort | Mythileeswari Lakshmikanthan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The sulfated galactan GSSG-2, isolated from Gracilaria salicornia, was investigated for its antioxidant and anticancer properties. Polysaccharides derived from marine sources are well-known for their distinctive bioactivities, making them promising candidates for pharmaceutical applications. Purification of GSSG-2 was achieved through a two-step procedure consisting of anion-exchange chromatography utilizing a DEAE-Sepharose column, followed by size-based separation via Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. Its structural features were characterized using elemental analysis, high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant capacity of GSSG-2 was measured at concentrations from 25 to 150 µg/mL using assays such as DPPH radical scavenging, inhibition of superoxide anions, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total reducing power. In all assays, l-ascorbic acid served as the reference standard. Cytotoxic effects and induction of apoptosis in A549 human lung carcinoma cells were assessed employing MTT assays and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) fluorescence staining. GSSG-2 demonstrated a molecular weight of 70.61 kDa, with galactose identified as the dominant monosaccharide unit (328.92 mg/g). Its antioxidant activity showed a dose-dependent increase, ranging from 19.84% to 88.59%. The IC₅₀ value determined by the MTT assay was 100 µg/mL, and cell viability dropped dramatically to 16.0% at 250 µg/mL. Results from AO/EtBr staining further corroborated the time-dependent enhancement of apoptotic cell death. The strong antioxidant and anticancer effects of GSSG-2 are attributed to its structural components, notably the esterified sulfate moieties and β-(1→3)-linked d-galactopyranose units. These results underscore the potential of this compound as a therapeutic agent targeting oxidative stress and cancer. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-13e8516b53d7427da02ed90a013612ba |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2667-0259 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Food Hydrocolloids for Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-13e8516b53d7427da02ed90a013612ba2025-08-20T03:36:42ZengElsevierFood Hydrocolloids for Health2667-02592025-12-01810023610.1016/j.fhfh.2025.100236Structural characterization and bioactivity of sulfated Galactan GSSG-2 from Gracilaria salicornia: Antioxidant and anticancer potentialMythileeswari Lakshmikanthan0Sakthivel Muthu1Peer Mohamed Deen Mohamed2Kathiravan Krishnan3Nagaraj Karuppiah4Ramamoorthy Karuppan5Shenbhagaraman Ramalingam6Anandhi Subramanian7Bharathi Venkatachalam8Gholamreza Abdi9Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Dermatology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India; Corresponding authors.Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, IndiaBiomedical and Nano-Drug Formulation Laboratory, Department of General Medicine, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tanil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Botany, E.R.K Arts and Science College, Erumiyampatti, Dharmapuri 636 905, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of ENT, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha Arts and Science College for Women, Sankari, Salem 637303, Tanil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Microbiology, Vivekanandha Arts and Science College for Women, Sankari, Salem 637303, Tanil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr,75169, Iran; Corresponding authors.The sulfated galactan GSSG-2, isolated from Gracilaria salicornia, was investigated for its antioxidant and anticancer properties. Polysaccharides derived from marine sources are well-known for their distinctive bioactivities, making them promising candidates for pharmaceutical applications. Purification of GSSG-2 was achieved through a two-step procedure consisting of anion-exchange chromatography utilizing a DEAE-Sepharose column, followed by size-based separation via Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. Its structural features were characterized using elemental analysis, high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant capacity of GSSG-2 was measured at concentrations from 25 to 150 µg/mL using assays such as DPPH radical scavenging, inhibition of superoxide anions, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total reducing power. In all assays, l-ascorbic acid served as the reference standard. Cytotoxic effects and induction of apoptosis in A549 human lung carcinoma cells were assessed employing MTT assays and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) fluorescence staining. GSSG-2 demonstrated a molecular weight of 70.61 kDa, with galactose identified as the dominant monosaccharide unit (328.92 mg/g). Its antioxidant activity showed a dose-dependent increase, ranging from 19.84% to 88.59%. The IC₅₀ value determined by the MTT assay was 100 µg/mL, and cell viability dropped dramatically to 16.0% at 250 µg/mL. Results from AO/EtBr staining further corroborated the time-dependent enhancement of apoptotic cell death. The strong antioxidant and anticancer effects of GSSG-2 are attributed to its structural components, notably the esterified sulfate moieties and β-(1→3)-linked d-galactopyranose units. These results underscore the potential of this compound as a therapeutic agent targeting oxidative stress and cancer.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667025925000421Sulfated galactanGracilaria salicorniaAntioxidant activityLung cancer apoptosis |
| spellingShingle | Mythileeswari Lakshmikanthan Sakthivel Muthu Peer Mohamed Deen Mohamed Kathiravan Krishnan Nagaraj Karuppiah Ramamoorthy Karuppan Shenbhagaraman Ramalingam Anandhi Subramanian Bharathi Venkatachalam Gholamreza Abdi Structural characterization and bioactivity of sulfated Galactan GSSG-2 from Gracilaria salicornia: Antioxidant and anticancer potential Food Hydrocolloids for Health Sulfated galactan Gracilaria salicornia Antioxidant activity Lung cancer apoptosis |
| title | Structural characterization and bioactivity of sulfated Galactan GSSG-2 from Gracilaria salicornia: Antioxidant and anticancer potential |
| title_full | Structural characterization and bioactivity of sulfated Galactan GSSG-2 from Gracilaria salicornia: Antioxidant and anticancer potential |
| title_fullStr | Structural characterization and bioactivity of sulfated Galactan GSSG-2 from Gracilaria salicornia: Antioxidant and anticancer potential |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structural characterization and bioactivity of sulfated Galactan GSSG-2 from Gracilaria salicornia: Antioxidant and anticancer potential |
| title_short | Structural characterization and bioactivity of sulfated Galactan GSSG-2 from Gracilaria salicornia: Antioxidant and anticancer potential |
| title_sort | structural characterization and bioactivity of sulfated galactan gssg 2 from gracilaria salicornia antioxidant and anticancer potential |
| topic | Sulfated galactan Gracilaria salicornia Antioxidant activity Lung cancer apoptosis |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667025925000421 |
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