Transient Heat Transfer Modeling of SERF Co-Magnetometer Atomic Ensemble Based on the Thermoelectric Analogy Method

Bias instability is one of the most critical factors in the performance of spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) co-magnetometers. Previous studies on SERF co-magnetometers have shown that changes in the atomic ensemble temperature can lead to variations in the alkali metal atom density, which in tur...

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Main Authors: Jiaqi Wu, Feng Liu, Lihong Duan, Shaowei Lv, Xihui Dou, Wei Quan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Photonics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/12/3/224
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author Jiaqi Wu
Feng Liu
Lihong Duan
Shaowei Lv
Xihui Dou
Wei Quan
author_facet Jiaqi Wu
Feng Liu
Lihong Duan
Shaowei Lv
Xihui Dou
Wei Quan
author_sort Jiaqi Wu
collection DOAJ
description Bias instability is one of the most critical factors in the performance of spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) co-magnetometers. Previous studies on SERF co-magnetometers have shown that changes in the atomic ensemble temperature can lead to variations in the alkali metal atom density, which in turn affect the optical rotation angle and light shift, ultimately influencing the system’s stability. Building on this understanding, this paper introduces the thermoelectric analogy method for the first time in the transient heat transfer analysis of SERF co-magnetometer atomic ensembles. Using this method, the primary factors affecting the atomic ensemble temperature in a SERF co-magnetometer were analyzed, and transient heat transfer models were established for the following processes: the interaction between the non-magnetic electric heating system and the atomic ensemble temperature, laser heating of the atomic ensemble by the optical system, and the effect of environmental temperature changes on the non-magnetic electric heating system. These models were experimentally validated through active temperature variation experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed transient heat transfer models accurately describe the related heat transfer processes of the atomic ensemble, with model fitting accuracy exceeding 98%. This lays a solid foundation for the high-precision closed-loop control of the atomic ensemble temperature in SERF co-magnetometers and provides valuable insights for the structural design and engineering applications of SERF co-magnetometers.
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spelling doaj-art-13c58440339d48f481ef67060c4dd0dc2025-08-20T02:10:24ZengMDPI AGPhotonics2304-67322025-02-0112322410.3390/photonics12030224Transient Heat Transfer Modeling of SERF Co-Magnetometer Atomic Ensemble Based on the Thermoelectric Analogy MethodJiaqi Wu0Feng Liu1Lihong Duan2Shaowei Lv3Xihui Dou4Wei Quan5School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, ChinaSchool of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, ChinaSchool of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, ChinaSchool of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, ChinaSchool of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, ChinaSchool of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, ChinaBias instability is one of the most critical factors in the performance of spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) co-magnetometers. Previous studies on SERF co-magnetometers have shown that changes in the atomic ensemble temperature can lead to variations in the alkali metal atom density, which in turn affect the optical rotation angle and light shift, ultimately influencing the system’s stability. Building on this understanding, this paper introduces the thermoelectric analogy method for the first time in the transient heat transfer analysis of SERF co-magnetometer atomic ensembles. Using this method, the primary factors affecting the atomic ensemble temperature in a SERF co-magnetometer were analyzed, and transient heat transfer models were established for the following processes: the interaction between the non-magnetic electric heating system and the atomic ensemble temperature, laser heating of the atomic ensemble by the optical system, and the effect of environmental temperature changes on the non-magnetic electric heating system. These models were experimentally validated through active temperature variation experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed transient heat transfer models accurately describe the related heat transfer processes of the atomic ensemble, with model fitting accuracy exceeding 98%. This lays a solid foundation for the high-precision closed-loop control of the atomic ensemble temperature in SERF co-magnetometers and provides valuable insights for the structural design and engineering applications of SERF co-magnetometers.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/12/3/224SERFatomic ensemblethermoelectric analogy
spellingShingle Jiaqi Wu
Feng Liu
Lihong Duan
Shaowei Lv
Xihui Dou
Wei Quan
Transient Heat Transfer Modeling of SERF Co-Magnetometer Atomic Ensemble Based on the Thermoelectric Analogy Method
Photonics
SERF
atomic ensemble
thermoelectric analogy
title Transient Heat Transfer Modeling of SERF Co-Magnetometer Atomic Ensemble Based on the Thermoelectric Analogy Method
title_full Transient Heat Transfer Modeling of SERF Co-Magnetometer Atomic Ensemble Based on the Thermoelectric Analogy Method
title_fullStr Transient Heat Transfer Modeling of SERF Co-Magnetometer Atomic Ensemble Based on the Thermoelectric Analogy Method
title_full_unstemmed Transient Heat Transfer Modeling of SERF Co-Magnetometer Atomic Ensemble Based on the Thermoelectric Analogy Method
title_short Transient Heat Transfer Modeling of SERF Co-Magnetometer Atomic Ensemble Based on the Thermoelectric Analogy Method
title_sort transient heat transfer modeling of serf co magnetometer atomic ensemble based on the thermoelectric analogy method
topic SERF
atomic ensemble
thermoelectric analogy
url https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/12/3/224
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