Routes of Vitamin B12 Supplementation: Clinical Evidence, Limitations, and Practical Considerations

Routes of Vitamin B12 Supplementation: Clinical Evidence, Limitations, and Practical Considerations

Introduction and purpose Vitamin B12 deficiency remains an underdiagnosed condition with significant hematological, neurological, and psychiatric consequences. The aim of this review is to evaluate and compare the efficacy, indications, and clinical applicability of oral, sublingual, intramuscular,...

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Main Authors: Alina Semianiuk, Małgorzata Stopa, Ewa Szczęsna, Paweł Drymluch, Wiktoria Lewicka, Konrad Szaliński, Izabella Sośniak, Adrianna Moreń
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń 2025-08-01
Series:Quality in Sport
Subjects:
Vitamin B12
cobalamin deficiency
dietary supplementation
clinical indications
Online Access:https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/62910
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