The effect of smoking on COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of meta-analyses studies
Abstract Background In two recent years, many more meta-analysis studies have been published on the effect of mortality and severity of smoking on COVID-19 infection. This study aimed to meta-analyze the available meta-analyses data investigating the influence of tobacco on COVID-19 infection severi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Discover Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06975-6 |
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| author | Massoud Sokouti Babak Sokouti Mohsen Sokouti |
| author_facet | Massoud Sokouti Babak Sokouti Mohsen Sokouti |
| author_sort | Massoud Sokouti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background In two recent years, many more meta-analysis studies have been published on the effect of mortality and severity of smoking on COVID-19 infection. This study aimed to meta-analyze the available meta-analyses data investigating the influence of tobacco on COVID-19 infection severity and mortality. Methods We searched three databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus) to find meta-analysis studies that examined the efficacy of smoking on COVID-19 infection. In this meta-analysis, we merged the findings of each meta-analysis based on the odds ratio of mortality and severity. A subgroup meta-analysis comparing continents was also carried out to uncover publication bias. Results Six meta-analyses met for eligibility. A random effect meta-analysis of the severity and mortality of COVID-19 showed: (OR = 1.579, P < 0.001, and OR = 1.452. P = 0.001), which showed smoking increased the severity and mortality of COVID-19 infection. This article combined all the results of previous meta-analyses and showed the effect of these two risk factors of tobacco on COVID-19 disease. Subgroup analyses between continents were also performed. Using the trim-and-fill approach, researchers can use a basic funnel plot to determine publication bias. We also performed the subgroup analysis to detect heterogeneity among continents. We think there is sufficient data to make the effectiveness of the overall meta-analysis results. Conclusions Smoking was shown to harm the severity and mortality of COVID-19 infections, according to this meta-analysis. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-13872b70d890429fb16c77dc6a41ce19 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 3004-9261 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Discover Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-13872b70d890429fb16c77dc6a41ce192025-08-20T03:52:19ZengSpringerDiscover Applied Sciences3004-92612025-05-017511510.1007/s42452-025-06975-6The effect of smoking on COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of meta-analyses studiesMassoud Sokouti0Babak Sokouti1Mohsen Sokouti2Health Promotion Research Center, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad UniversityBiotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesAbstract Background In two recent years, many more meta-analysis studies have been published on the effect of mortality and severity of smoking on COVID-19 infection. This study aimed to meta-analyze the available meta-analyses data investigating the influence of tobacco on COVID-19 infection severity and mortality. Methods We searched three databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus) to find meta-analysis studies that examined the efficacy of smoking on COVID-19 infection. In this meta-analysis, we merged the findings of each meta-analysis based on the odds ratio of mortality and severity. A subgroup meta-analysis comparing continents was also carried out to uncover publication bias. Results Six meta-analyses met for eligibility. A random effect meta-analysis of the severity and mortality of COVID-19 showed: (OR = 1.579, P < 0.001, and OR = 1.452. P = 0.001), which showed smoking increased the severity and mortality of COVID-19 infection. This article combined all the results of previous meta-analyses and showed the effect of these two risk factors of tobacco on COVID-19 disease. Subgroup analyses between continents were also performed. Using the trim-and-fill approach, researchers can use a basic funnel plot to determine publication bias. We also performed the subgroup analysis to detect heterogeneity among continents. We think there is sufficient data to make the effectiveness of the overall meta-analysis results. Conclusions Smoking was shown to harm the severity and mortality of COVID-19 infections, according to this meta-analysis.https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06975-6SmokingCOVID-19Meta-analysisSeverityMortality |
| spellingShingle | Massoud Sokouti Babak Sokouti Mohsen Sokouti The effect of smoking on COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of meta-analyses studies Discover Applied Sciences Smoking COVID-19 Meta-analysis Severity Mortality |
| title | The effect of smoking on COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of meta-analyses studies |
| title_full | The effect of smoking on COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of meta-analyses studies |
| title_fullStr | The effect of smoking on COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of meta-analyses studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | The effect of smoking on COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of meta-analyses studies |
| title_short | The effect of smoking on COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of meta-analyses studies |
| title_sort | effect of smoking on covid 19 infection a systematic review and meta analysis of meta analyses studies |
| topic | Smoking COVID-19 Meta-analysis Severity Mortality |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06975-6 |
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