Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution.
Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal proteins (LRRTMs) form in mammals a family of four postsynaptic adhesion proteins, which have been shown to bind neurexins and heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) glypican on the presynaptic side. Mutations in the genes encoding LRRTMs and neurexins are im...
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2014-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
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| author | Pavel Uvarov Tommi Kajander Matti S Airaksinen |
| author_facet | Pavel Uvarov Tommi Kajander Matti S Airaksinen |
| author_sort | Pavel Uvarov |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal proteins (LRRTMs) form in mammals a family of four postsynaptic adhesion proteins, which have been shown to bind neurexins and heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) glypican on the presynaptic side. Mutations in the genes encoding LRRTMs and neurexins are implicated in human cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Our analysis shows that in most jawed vertebrates, lrrtm1, lrrtm2, and lrrtm3 genes are nested on opposite strands of large conserved intron of α-catenin genes ctnna2, ctnna1, and ctnna3, respectively. No lrrtm genes could be found in tunicates or lancelets, while two lrrtm genes are found in the lamprey genome, one of which is adjacent to a single ctnna homolog. Based on similar highly positive net charge of lamprey LRRTMs and the HSPG-binding LRRTM3 and LRRTM4 proteins, we speculate that the ancestral LRRTM might have bound HSPG before acquiring neurexins as binding partners. Our model suggests that lrrtm gene translocated into the large ctnna intron in early vertebrates, and that subsequent duplications resulted in three lrrtm/ctnna gene pairs present in most jawed vertebrates. However, we detected three prominent exceptions: (1) the lrrtm3/ctnna3 gene structure is absent in the ray-finned fish genomes, (2) the genomes of clawed frogs contain ctnna1 but lack the corresponding nested (lrrtm2) gene, and (3) contain lrrtm3 gene in the syntenic position but lack the corresponding host (ctnna3) gene. We identified several other protein-coding nested gene structures of which either the host or the nested gene has presumably been lost in the frog or chicken lineages. Interestingly, majority of these nested genes comprise LRR domains. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-135a537a56984ac7bd7bfebc8f8f5a33 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2014-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj-art-135a537a56984ac7bd7bfebc8f8f5a332025-08-20T03:11:58ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032014-01-0192e8991010.1371/journal.pone.0089910Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution.Pavel UvarovTommi KajanderMatti S AiraksinenLeucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal proteins (LRRTMs) form in mammals a family of four postsynaptic adhesion proteins, which have been shown to bind neurexins and heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) glypican on the presynaptic side. Mutations in the genes encoding LRRTMs and neurexins are implicated in human cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Our analysis shows that in most jawed vertebrates, lrrtm1, lrrtm2, and lrrtm3 genes are nested on opposite strands of large conserved intron of α-catenin genes ctnna2, ctnna1, and ctnna3, respectively. No lrrtm genes could be found in tunicates or lancelets, while two lrrtm genes are found in the lamprey genome, one of which is adjacent to a single ctnna homolog. Based on similar highly positive net charge of lamprey LRRTMs and the HSPG-binding LRRTM3 and LRRTM4 proteins, we speculate that the ancestral LRRTM might have bound HSPG before acquiring neurexins as binding partners. Our model suggests that lrrtm gene translocated into the large ctnna intron in early vertebrates, and that subsequent duplications resulted in three lrrtm/ctnna gene pairs present in most jawed vertebrates. However, we detected three prominent exceptions: (1) the lrrtm3/ctnna3 gene structure is absent in the ray-finned fish genomes, (2) the genomes of clawed frogs contain ctnna1 but lack the corresponding nested (lrrtm2) gene, and (3) contain lrrtm3 gene in the syntenic position but lack the corresponding host (ctnna3) gene. We identified several other protein-coding nested gene structures of which either the host or the nested gene has presumably been lost in the frog or chicken lineages. Interestingly, majority of these nested genes comprise LRR domains.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0089910&type=printable |
| spellingShingle | Pavel Uvarov Tommi Kajander Matti S Airaksinen Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution. PLoS ONE |
| title | Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution. |
| title_full | Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution. |
| title_fullStr | Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution. |
| title_short | Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution. |
| title_sort | origin and loss of nested lrrtm α catenin genes during vertebrate evolution |
| url | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0089910&type=printable |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT paveluvarov originandlossofnestedlrrtmacateningenesduringvertebrateevolution AT tommikajander originandlossofnestedlrrtmacateningenesduringvertebrateevolution AT mattisairaksinen originandlossofnestedlrrtmacateningenesduringvertebrateevolution |