Mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed porous titanium scaffolds coated with composite growth factors
Abstract Background Osseointegration is considered a prerequisite for predicting implant success, and structure, biocompatibility, and properties of the implant are important parts of the factors that influence osseointegration. The focus of current research is on how to increase the strength of oss...
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BMC
2025-05-01
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| Series: | BMC Oral Health |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06110-2 |
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| author | Chunwen Jiang Guojia Gong Shan Xiao Shengxiang Zhang Diansheng Chen Shuqing Song Honglin Dai Chongxue Wu Qiaoru Zou Jianping Li Bing Wen |
| author_facet | Chunwen Jiang Guojia Gong Shan Xiao Shengxiang Zhang Diansheng Chen Shuqing Song Honglin Dai Chongxue Wu Qiaoru Zou Jianping Li Bing Wen |
| author_sort | Chunwen Jiang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Osseointegration is considered a prerequisite for predicting implant success, and structure, biocompatibility, and properties of the implant are important parts of the factors that influence osseointegration. The focus of current research is on how to increase the strength of osseointegration on the implant and shorten the osseointegration time. Methods In this research, different porous scaffolds, including uniform, radial-gradient, and axial-gradient porous, were designed and fabricated. Their mechanical properties and biocompatibility were comprehensively evaluated through mechanical tests and in vitro cellular experiments. A porous scaffold exhibiting optimal properties was identified through preliminary experiments. Subsequently, three different sets of composite scaffolds were developed, consisting of the selected scaffold modified with chitosan microspheres loaded with Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB (PDGF-BB), or a combination of both. The biological responses to composite scaffolds were systematically examined through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results Finite element analysis indicated that the maximum equivalent stress of all three porous implants was lower than that of solid implants, while the maximum equivalent stress in the cortical bone of the porous group was higher than in the solid group. Compression tests confirmed that the elastic modulus of all three porous scaffold structures fall within the range of natural human bone. In vitro cell experiments showed that the radial gradient porous group scaffolds had the highest cell count and Alkaline phosphatase activity. The composite scaffolds exhibited superior wettability and water absorption properties compared to the non-coated scaffolds. Cell and animal experiments demonstrated that the titanium scaffolds co-modified with BMP-2 and PDGF-BB showed greater cell proliferation and new bone formation compared to scaffolds with single-factor coatings and uncoated scaffolds. Conclusions Radial-gradient porous scaffolds exhibit compatible elastic modulus, excellent cell compatibility, and osteogenic potential, making them promising candidates for bone tissue engineering applications in dentistry. Furthermore, the composite scaffolds incorporating BMP-2 and PDGF-BB-loaded chitosan microspheres demonstrated enhanced osteogenic differentiation compared to single-factor modified porous scaffolds, providing experimental evidence for the clinical application of novel implants. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-131ac4ca91754edd99ddd2a0b8935433 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1472-6831 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Oral Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-131ac4ca91754edd99ddd2a0b89354332025-08-20T01:59:57ZengBMCBMC Oral Health1472-68312025-05-0125111910.1186/s12903-025-06110-2Mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed porous titanium scaffolds coated with composite growth factorsChunwen Jiang0Guojia Gong1Shan Xiao2Shengxiang Zhang3Diansheng Chen4Shuqing Song5Honglin Dai6Chongxue Wu7Qiaoru Zou8Jianping Li9Bing Wen10Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityDepartment of Stomatology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityDepartment of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityDepartment of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityDepartment of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityDepartment of Stomatology, The Fifth Hospital of XiamenDepartment of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityDepartment of Stomatology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s HospitalDepartment of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityDepartment of Stomatology, Shanghai Pudong HospitalDepartment of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityAbstract Background Osseointegration is considered a prerequisite for predicting implant success, and structure, biocompatibility, and properties of the implant are important parts of the factors that influence osseointegration. The focus of current research is on how to increase the strength of osseointegration on the implant and shorten the osseointegration time. Methods In this research, different porous scaffolds, including uniform, radial-gradient, and axial-gradient porous, were designed and fabricated. Their mechanical properties and biocompatibility were comprehensively evaluated through mechanical tests and in vitro cellular experiments. A porous scaffold exhibiting optimal properties was identified through preliminary experiments. Subsequently, three different sets of composite scaffolds were developed, consisting of the selected scaffold modified with chitosan microspheres loaded with Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB (PDGF-BB), or a combination of both. The biological responses to composite scaffolds were systematically examined through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results Finite element analysis indicated that the maximum equivalent stress of all three porous implants was lower than that of solid implants, while the maximum equivalent stress in the cortical bone of the porous group was higher than in the solid group. Compression tests confirmed that the elastic modulus of all three porous scaffold structures fall within the range of natural human bone. In vitro cell experiments showed that the radial gradient porous group scaffolds had the highest cell count and Alkaline phosphatase activity. The composite scaffolds exhibited superior wettability and water absorption properties compared to the non-coated scaffolds. Cell and animal experiments demonstrated that the titanium scaffolds co-modified with BMP-2 and PDGF-BB showed greater cell proliferation and new bone formation compared to scaffolds with single-factor coatings and uncoated scaffolds. Conclusions Radial-gradient porous scaffolds exhibit compatible elastic modulus, excellent cell compatibility, and osteogenic potential, making them promising candidates for bone tissue engineering applications in dentistry. Furthermore, the composite scaffolds incorporating BMP-2 and PDGF-BB-loaded chitosan microspheres demonstrated enhanced osteogenic differentiation compared to single-factor modified porous scaffolds, providing experimental evidence for the clinical application of novel implants.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06110-2Graded porous titanium scaffolds3D printingBMP-2 and PDGF-BBMechanical propertiesBiological performanceosteogenic-induced differentiation |
| spellingShingle | Chunwen Jiang Guojia Gong Shan Xiao Shengxiang Zhang Diansheng Chen Shuqing Song Honglin Dai Chongxue Wu Qiaoru Zou Jianping Li Bing Wen Mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed porous titanium scaffolds coated with composite growth factors BMC Oral Health Graded porous titanium scaffolds 3D printing BMP-2 and PDGF-BB Mechanical properties Biological performance osteogenic-induced differentiation |
| title | Mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed porous titanium scaffolds coated with composite growth factors |
| title_full | Mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed porous titanium scaffolds coated with composite growth factors |
| title_fullStr | Mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed porous titanium scaffolds coated with composite growth factors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed porous titanium scaffolds coated with composite growth factors |
| title_short | Mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed porous titanium scaffolds coated with composite growth factors |
| title_sort | mechanical and biological properties of 3d printed porous titanium scaffolds coated with composite growth factors |
| topic | Graded porous titanium scaffolds 3D printing BMP-2 and PDGF-BB Mechanical properties Biological performance osteogenic-induced differentiation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06110-2 |
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