Stabilization of the Bio-Oil Organic Phase via Solvent-Assisted Hydrotreating, Part 1: Investigating the Influence of Various Solvents
Conventional mild hydrotreatment processes of bio-oil present significant challenges of a high degree of polymerization, a low oil yield, high coke formation, and poor catalyst recovery. To address these challenges, the current study looked into investigating and enhancing the properties of raw bio-...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Manqoba Shezi Manish Sakhakarmy Sushil Adhikari Sammy Lewis Kiambi |
| author_facet | Manqoba Shezi Manish Sakhakarmy Sushil Adhikari Sammy Lewis Kiambi |
| author_sort | Manqoba Shezi |
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| description | Conventional mild hydrotreatment processes of bio-oil present significant challenges of a high degree of polymerization, a low oil yield, high coke formation, and poor catalyst recovery. To address these challenges, the current study looked into investigating and enhancing the properties of raw bio-oil organic phase samples via a solvent-assisted stabilization approach using methanol (METH), ethanol (ETH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and ethyl ether (DME). Solvents like methanol (METH) and ethanol (ETH), which are highly polar, yielded higher oil fractions (64% and 62%, respectively) compared to less polar solvents like ethyl ether (DME) at 59%. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA), with intermediate polarity, achieved a balanced oil yield of 63%, indicating its ability to dissolve both polar and non-polar components. Moisture reduction in stabilized bio-oils followed the order IPA > ETH > METH > DME, with IPA showing the highest reduction due to its structural characteristics facilitating dehydration. Viscosity reduction varied, with IPA > ETH > DME > METH. Carbon recovery in stabilized bio-oils ranged from 65% to 75% for DME, ETH, and METH and was 71% for IPA. The heating values of stabilized bio-oils ranged from 28 to 29 MJ/kg, with IPA-stabilized bio-oil showing the highest value (29.05 ± 0.06 MJ/kg). METH demonstrated high efficiency (74.8%) in stabilizing bio-oil, attributed to its strong hydrogen-donating capability. ETH followed closely at 69.5%, indicating its comparable performance in bio-oil stabilization. With moderate efficiency (69.3%), IPA presents a balanced alternative considering its molecular structure and hydrogen solubility. In contrast, DME exhibited lower efficiency (63.6%) due to its weaker hydrogenation capability and propensity for undesired side reactions. The current study suggests that subcritical conditions up to 200 °C are adequate for METH, ETH, and IPA in bio-oil stabilization, comparable to results obtained under supercritical conditions. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2306-5354 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| series | Bioengineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-130cf098319d476297dd74e25933b60a2025-08-20T03:14:40ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542025-05-0112553710.3390/bioengineering12050537Stabilization of the Bio-Oil Organic Phase via Solvent-Assisted Hydrotreating, Part 1: Investigating the Influence of Various SolventsManqoba Shezi0Manish Sakhakarmy1Sushil Adhikari2Sammy Lewis Kiambi3Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South AfricaASI Industrial, 1300 Minnesota Ave, Billings, MT 59101, USADepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, 200 Corley Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USAChemical Engineering Department, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South AfricaConventional mild hydrotreatment processes of bio-oil present significant challenges of a high degree of polymerization, a low oil yield, high coke formation, and poor catalyst recovery. To address these challenges, the current study looked into investigating and enhancing the properties of raw bio-oil organic phase samples via a solvent-assisted stabilization approach using methanol (METH), ethanol (ETH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and ethyl ether (DME). Solvents like methanol (METH) and ethanol (ETH), which are highly polar, yielded higher oil fractions (64% and 62%, respectively) compared to less polar solvents like ethyl ether (DME) at 59%. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA), with intermediate polarity, achieved a balanced oil yield of 63%, indicating its ability to dissolve both polar and non-polar components. Moisture reduction in stabilized bio-oils followed the order IPA > ETH > METH > DME, with IPA showing the highest reduction due to its structural characteristics facilitating dehydration. Viscosity reduction varied, with IPA > ETH > DME > METH. Carbon recovery in stabilized bio-oils ranged from 65% to 75% for DME, ETH, and METH and was 71% for IPA. The heating values of stabilized bio-oils ranged from 28 to 29 MJ/kg, with IPA-stabilized bio-oil showing the highest value (29.05 ± 0.06 MJ/kg). METH demonstrated high efficiency (74.8%) in stabilizing bio-oil, attributed to its strong hydrogen-donating capability. ETH followed closely at 69.5%, indicating its comparable performance in bio-oil stabilization. With moderate efficiency (69.3%), IPA presents a balanced alternative considering its molecular structure and hydrogen solubility. In contrast, DME exhibited lower efficiency (63.6%) due to its weaker hydrogenation capability and propensity for undesired side reactions. The current study suggests that subcritical conditions up to 200 °C are adequate for METH, ETH, and IPA in bio-oil stabilization, comparable to results obtained under supercritical conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/5/537biomassbio-oil stabilizationsolventsmild hydrodeoxygenationdehydration |
| spellingShingle | Manqoba Shezi Manish Sakhakarmy Sushil Adhikari Sammy Lewis Kiambi Stabilization of the Bio-Oil Organic Phase via Solvent-Assisted Hydrotreating, Part 1: Investigating the Influence of Various Solvents Bioengineering biomass bio-oil stabilization solvents mild hydrodeoxygenation dehydration |
| title | Stabilization of the Bio-Oil Organic Phase via Solvent-Assisted Hydrotreating, Part 1: Investigating the Influence of Various Solvents |
| title_full | Stabilization of the Bio-Oil Organic Phase via Solvent-Assisted Hydrotreating, Part 1: Investigating the Influence of Various Solvents |
| title_fullStr | Stabilization of the Bio-Oil Organic Phase via Solvent-Assisted Hydrotreating, Part 1: Investigating the Influence of Various Solvents |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stabilization of the Bio-Oil Organic Phase via Solvent-Assisted Hydrotreating, Part 1: Investigating the Influence of Various Solvents |
| title_short | Stabilization of the Bio-Oil Organic Phase via Solvent-Assisted Hydrotreating, Part 1: Investigating the Influence of Various Solvents |
| title_sort | stabilization of the bio oil organic phase via solvent assisted hydrotreating part 1 investigating the influence of various solvents |
| topic | biomass bio-oil stabilization solvents mild hydrodeoxygenation dehydration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/5/537 |
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