Optimizing frequency stability with adaptive fast frequency reserves and Wide-Area Monitoring Systems
This paper introduces a novel approach to optimizing frequency stability in power systems by designing System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS) and implementing adaptive Fast Frequency Reserves (FFR) within a Wide-Area Monitoring Protection Automation and Control (WAMPAC) framework. As modern powe...
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2025-10-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061525004995 |
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| Summary: | This paper introduces a novel approach to optimizing frequency stability in power systems by designing System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS) and implementing adaptive Fast Frequency Reserves (FFR) within a Wide-Area Monitoring Protection Automation and Control (WAMPAC) framework. As modern power systems face increasing complexity and variability, conventional load-shedding techniques often fail to address rapid frequency deviations and transient disturbances adequately. The proposed adaptive control algorithm, developed in compliance with the IEC 61131-3 standard, dynamically adjusts FFR activation thresholds and volumes based on real-time frequency measurements and system states. The method ensures robust stability under various operating conditions by incorporating Extended Stability Margins and a Lyapunov-based Stability Criterion. These additional stability considerations enhance the algorithm’s capacity to maintain frequency stability without excessive load shedding or oscillatory behavior. The Nordic 44 power system model is used with OPAL-RT for real-time simulation, Real-Time Automation Controller (RTAC), and protective relays to monitor, automate, protect, and control the system. The adaptive algorithm computes the frequency deviation, adjusts the control gain in real time, and recalculates the FFR activation thresholds and volumes accordingly. This method enhances the system’s ability to respond to under-frequency events by shedding loads more efficiently and maintaining system stability. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptive FFR approach in improving frequency stability compared to conventional methods, while the Lyapunov-based stability ensures robust behavior during transient disturbances. The adaptive algorithm’s ability to adjust to varying system conditions reduces the risk of over-shedding or under-shedding loads, thereby optimizing the system’s performance. This research contributes to developing more resilient and responsive frequency control mechanisms in power systems. |
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| ISSN: | 0142-0615 |