Influence of network latency and bandwidth on robot-assisted laparoscopic telesurgery: A pre-clinical experiment
Abstract. Background:. Telesurgery has the potential to overcome spatial limitations for surgeons, which depends on surgical robot and the quality of network communication. However, the influence of network latency and bandwidth on telesurgery is not well understood. Methods:. A telesurgery system...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wolters Kluwer
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Chinese Medical Journal |
| Online Access: | http://journals.lww.com/10.1097/CM9.0000000000003257 |
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| author | Ye Wang Qing Ai Taoping Shi Yu Gao Bin Jiang Wuyi Zhao Chengjun Jiang Guojun Liu Lifeng Zhang Huaikang Li Fan Gao Xin Ma Hongzhao Li Xu Zhang Yuanyuan Ji |
| author_facet | Ye Wang Qing Ai Taoping Shi Yu Gao Bin Jiang Wuyi Zhao Chengjun Jiang Guojun Liu Lifeng Zhang Huaikang Li Fan Gao Xin Ma Hongzhao Li Xu Zhang Yuanyuan Ji |
| author_sort | Ye Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract.
Background:. Telesurgery has the potential to overcome spatial limitations for surgeons, which depends on surgical robot and the quality of network communication. However, the influence of network latency and bandwidth on telesurgery is not well understood.
Methods:. A telesurgery system capable of dynamically adjusting image compression ratios in response to bandwidth changes was established between Beijing and Sanya (Hainan province), covering a distance of 3000 km. In total, 108 animal operations, including 12 surgical procedures, were performed. Total latency ranging from 170 ms to 320 ms and bandwidth from 15–20 Mbps to less than 1 Mbps were explored using designed surgical tasks and hemostasis models for renal vein and internal iliac artery rupture bleeding. Network latency, jitter, frame loss, and bit rate code were systemically measured during these operations. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and a self-designed scale measured the workload and subjective perception of surgeons.
Results:. All 108 animal telesurgeries, conducted from January 2023 to June 2023, were performed effectively over a total duration of 3866 min. The operations were completed with latency up to 320 ms and bandwidths as low as 1–5 Mbps. Hemostasis for vein and artery rupture bleeding models was effectively achieved under these low bandwidth conditions. The NASA-TLX results indicated that latency significantly impacted surgical performance more than bandwidth and image clarity reductions.
Conclusions:. This telesurgery system demonstrated safety and reliability. A total of 320 ms latency is acceptable for telesurgery operations. Reducing image clarity can effectively mitigate the potential latency increase caused by decreased bandwidth, offering a new method to reduce the impact of latency on telesurgery. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-127ed6fbbe9d43f18ab78dfbeab4e295 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0366-6999 2542-5641 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Wolters Kluwer |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Chinese Medical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-127ed6fbbe9d43f18ab78dfbeab4e2952025-01-27T06:04:15ZengWolters KluwerChinese Medical Journal0366-69992542-56412025-02-01138332533110.1097/CM9.0000000000003257202502050-00011Influence of network latency and bandwidth on robot-assisted laparoscopic telesurgery: A pre-clinical experimentYe Wang0Qing Ai1Taoping Shi2Yu Gao3Bin Jiang4Wuyi Zhao5Chengjun Jiang6Guojun Liu7Lifeng Zhang8Huaikang Li9Fan Gao10Xin Ma11Hongzhao Li12Xu Zhang13Yuanyuan Ji1 Department of Urology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China1 Department of Urology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China2 Department of Urology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China1 Department of Urology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China1 Department of Urology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China3 Shenzhen Edge Medical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518116, China3 Shenzhen Edge Medical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518116, China1 Department of Urology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China1 Department of Urology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China1 Department of Urology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China1 Department of Urology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China1 Department of Urology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China1 Department of Urology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China1 Department of Urology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, ChinaAbstract. Background:. Telesurgery has the potential to overcome spatial limitations for surgeons, which depends on surgical robot and the quality of network communication. However, the influence of network latency and bandwidth on telesurgery is not well understood. Methods:. A telesurgery system capable of dynamically adjusting image compression ratios in response to bandwidth changes was established between Beijing and Sanya (Hainan province), covering a distance of 3000 km. In total, 108 animal operations, including 12 surgical procedures, were performed. Total latency ranging from 170 ms to 320 ms and bandwidth from 15–20 Mbps to less than 1 Mbps were explored using designed surgical tasks and hemostasis models for renal vein and internal iliac artery rupture bleeding. Network latency, jitter, frame loss, and bit rate code were systemically measured during these operations. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and a self-designed scale measured the workload and subjective perception of surgeons. Results:. All 108 animal telesurgeries, conducted from January 2023 to June 2023, were performed effectively over a total duration of 3866 min. The operations were completed with latency up to 320 ms and bandwidths as low as 1–5 Mbps. Hemostasis for vein and artery rupture bleeding models was effectively achieved under these low bandwidth conditions. The NASA-TLX results indicated that latency significantly impacted surgical performance more than bandwidth and image clarity reductions. Conclusions:. This telesurgery system demonstrated safety and reliability. A total of 320 ms latency is acceptable for telesurgery operations. Reducing image clarity can effectively mitigate the potential latency increase caused by decreased bandwidth, offering a new method to reduce the impact of latency on telesurgery.http://journals.lww.com/10.1097/CM9.0000000000003257 |
| spellingShingle | Ye Wang Qing Ai Taoping Shi Yu Gao Bin Jiang Wuyi Zhao Chengjun Jiang Guojun Liu Lifeng Zhang Huaikang Li Fan Gao Xin Ma Hongzhao Li Xu Zhang Yuanyuan Ji Influence of network latency and bandwidth on robot-assisted laparoscopic telesurgery: A pre-clinical experiment Chinese Medical Journal |
| title | Influence of network latency and bandwidth on robot-assisted laparoscopic telesurgery: A pre-clinical experiment |
| title_full | Influence of network latency and bandwidth on robot-assisted laparoscopic telesurgery: A pre-clinical experiment |
| title_fullStr | Influence of network latency and bandwidth on robot-assisted laparoscopic telesurgery: A pre-clinical experiment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of network latency and bandwidth on robot-assisted laparoscopic telesurgery: A pre-clinical experiment |
| title_short | Influence of network latency and bandwidth on robot-assisted laparoscopic telesurgery: A pre-clinical experiment |
| title_sort | influence of network latency and bandwidth on robot assisted laparoscopic telesurgery a pre clinical experiment |
| url | http://journals.lww.com/10.1097/CM9.0000000000003257 |
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