Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled Conditions
The cacao trade and export industry has been impacted by cadmium (Cd<sup>2+</sup>) accumulation in soils, as the metal is absorbed by plants and transferred to the tissues. Consequently, cacao beans and their derivatives can become contaminated, sometimes exceeding permissible limits. In...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Rozana Yanina Malca-Cerna Cortez-Lazaro Anthony Apolinario Chavez-Castillo Jeremy Israel Arce-Inga Marielita Cumpa-Velasquez Liz Marjory |
| author_facet | Rozana Yanina Malca-Cerna Cortez-Lazaro Anthony Apolinario Chavez-Castillo Jeremy Israel Arce-Inga Marielita Cumpa-Velasquez Liz Marjory |
| author_sort | Rozana Yanina Malca-Cerna |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The cacao trade and export industry has been impacted by cadmium (Cd<sup>2+</sup>) accumulation in soils, as the metal is absorbed by plants and transferred to the tissues. Consequently, cacao beans and their derivatives can become contaminated, sometimes exceeding permissible limits. In this study, the capacity of native <i>Trichoderma</i> strains to reduce Cd accumulation in cacao was evaluated. Twelve <i>Trichoderma</i> strains were analyzed to assess their cadmium removal capacity through in vitro assays and their ability to reduce Cd concentration in cacao plants under controlled in vivo conditions. The in vitro results showed that several <i>Trichoderma</i> strains could remove cadmium and accumulate it in their biomass. However, this process is complex as it depends on metal concentration and environmental conditions. Notably, <i>T. afroharzianum</i> UCF18-M1 and CP24-6 exhibited high removal efficiencies at 100 ppm (61.79 ± 2.98% and 57.93 ± 4.14%, respectively). In contrast, the in vivo assays revealed that, contrary to expectations, some strains—including those with the highest removal efficiency—stimulated Cd uptake in plants, even at toxic levels, such as <i>T. orientale</i> BLPF1-C1. However, <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2-C1 significantly reduced Cd accumulation in the stem. These findings highlight the potential of these strains to mitigate Cd contamination in cacao. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-122e0fd6507649d3aaa00f612e34cfe2 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2036-7481 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microbiology Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-122e0fd6507649d3aaa00f612e34cfe22025-08-20T03:29:49ZengMDPI AGMicrobiology Research2036-74812025-06-0116613010.3390/microbiolres16060130Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled ConditionsRozana Yanina Malca-Cerna0Cortez-Lazaro Anthony Apolinario1Chavez-Castillo Jeremy Israel2Arce-Inga Marielita3Cumpa-Velasquez Liz Marjory4Grupo de Investigación de Calidad y Sanidad del Suelo, Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas City CP 01001, Amazonas Province, PeruGrupo de Investigación de Calidad y Sanidad del Suelo, Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas City CP 01001, Amazonas Province, PeruGrupo de Investigación de Calidad y Sanidad del Suelo, Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas City CP 01001, Amazonas Province, PeruGrupo de Investigación de Calidad y Sanidad del Suelo, Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas City CP 01001, Amazonas Province, PeruGrupo de Investigación de Calidad y Sanidad del Suelo, Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas City CP 01001, Amazonas Province, PeruThe cacao trade and export industry has been impacted by cadmium (Cd<sup>2+</sup>) accumulation in soils, as the metal is absorbed by plants and transferred to the tissues. Consequently, cacao beans and their derivatives can become contaminated, sometimes exceeding permissible limits. In this study, the capacity of native <i>Trichoderma</i> strains to reduce Cd accumulation in cacao was evaluated. Twelve <i>Trichoderma</i> strains were analyzed to assess their cadmium removal capacity through in vitro assays and their ability to reduce Cd concentration in cacao plants under controlled in vivo conditions. The in vitro results showed that several <i>Trichoderma</i> strains could remove cadmium and accumulate it in their biomass. However, this process is complex as it depends on metal concentration and environmental conditions. Notably, <i>T. afroharzianum</i> UCF18-M1 and CP24-6 exhibited high removal efficiencies at 100 ppm (61.79 ± 2.98% and 57.93 ± 4.14%, respectively). In contrast, the in vivo assays revealed that, contrary to expectations, some strains—including those with the highest removal efficiency—stimulated Cd uptake in plants, even at toxic levels, such as <i>T. orientale</i> BLPF1-C1. However, <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2-C1 significantly reduced Cd accumulation in the stem. These findings highlight the potential of these strains to mitigate Cd contamination in cacao.https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/16/6/130bioremediationsustainabilitycadmiumNative Cacao<i>Trichoderma</i> |
| spellingShingle | Rozana Yanina Malca-Cerna Cortez-Lazaro Anthony Apolinario Chavez-Castillo Jeremy Israel Arce-Inga Marielita Cumpa-Velasquez Liz Marjory Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled Conditions Microbiology Research bioremediation sustainability cadmium Native Cacao <i>Trichoderma</i> |
| title | Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled Conditions |
| title_full | Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled Conditions |
| title_short | Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled Conditions |
| title_sort | native strains i t longibrachiatum i ucf17 m4 and i trichoderma i sp ucpf2 reduce cd uptake in cacao ccn51 under controlled conditions |
| topic | bioremediation sustainability cadmium Native Cacao <i>Trichoderma</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/16/6/130 |
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