Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled Conditions

The cacao trade and export industry has been impacted by cadmium (Cd<sup>2+</sup>) accumulation in soils, as the metal is absorbed by plants and transferred to the tissues. Consequently, cacao beans and their derivatives can become contaminated, sometimes exceeding permissible limits. In...

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Main Authors: Rozana Yanina Malca-Cerna, Cortez-Lazaro Anthony Apolinario, Chavez-Castillo Jeremy Israel, Arce-Inga Marielita, Cumpa-Velasquez Liz Marjory
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Microbiology Research
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/16/6/130
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author Rozana Yanina Malca-Cerna
Cortez-Lazaro Anthony Apolinario
Chavez-Castillo Jeremy Israel
Arce-Inga Marielita
Cumpa-Velasquez Liz Marjory
author_facet Rozana Yanina Malca-Cerna
Cortez-Lazaro Anthony Apolinario
Chavez-Castillo Jeremy Israel
Arce-Inga Marielita
Cumpa-Velasquez Liz Marjory
author_sort Rozana Yanina Malca-Cerna
collection DOAJ
description The cacao trade and export industry has been impacted by cadmium (Cd<sup>2+</sup>) accumulation in soils, as the metal is absorbed by plants and transferred to the tissues. Consequently, cacao beans and their derivatives can become contaminated, sometimes exceeding permissible limits. In this study, the capacity of native <i>Trichoderma</i> strains to reduce Cd accumulation in cacao was evaluated. Twelve <i>Trichoderma</i> strains were analyzed to assess their cadmium removal capacity through in vitro assays and their ability to reduce Cd concentration in cacao plants under controlled in vivo conditions. The in vitro results showed that several <i>Trichoderma</i> strains could remove cadmium and accumulate it in their biomass. However, this process is complex as it depends on metal concentration and environmental conditions. Notably, <i>T. afroharzianum</i> UCF18-M1 and CP24-6 exhibited high removal efficiencies at 100 ppm (61.79 ± 2.98% and 57.93 ± 4.14%, respectively). In contrast, the in vivo assays revealed that, contrary to expectations, some strains—including those with the highest removal efficiency—stimulated Cd uptake in plants, even at toxic levels, such as <i>T. orientale</i> BLPF1-C1. However, <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2-C1 significantly reduced Cd accumulation in the stem. These findings highlight the potential of these strains to mitigate Cd contamination in cacao.
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spelling doaj-art-122e0fd6507649d3aaa00f612e34cfe22025-08-20T03:29:49ZengMDPI AGMicrobiology Research2036-74812025-06-0116613010.3390/microbiolres16060130Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled ConditionsRozana Yanina Malca-Cerna0Cortez-Lazaro Anthony Apolinario1Chavez-Castillo Jeremy Israel2Arce-Inga Marielita3Cumpa-Velasquez Liz Marjory4Grupo de Investigación de Calidad y Sanidad del Suelo, Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas City CP 01001, Amazonas Province, PeruGrupo de Investigación de Calidad y Sanidad del Suelo, Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas City CP 01001, Amazonas Province, PeruGrupo de Investigación de Calidad y Sanidad del Suelo, Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas City CP 01001, Amazonas Province, PeruGrupo de Investigación de Calidad y Sanidad del Suelo, Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas City CP 01001, Amazonas Province, PeruGrupo de Investigación de Calidad y Sanidad del Suelo, Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas City CP 01001, Amazonas Province, PeruThe cacao trade and export industry has been impacted by cadmium (Cd<sup>2+</sup>) accumulation in soils, as the metal is absorbed by plants and transferred to the tissues. Consequently, cacao beans and their derivatives can become contaminated, sometimes exceeding permissible limits. In this study, the capacity of native <i>Trichoderma</i> strains to reduce Cd accumulation in cacao was evaluated. Twelve <i>Trichoderma</i> strains were analyzed to assess their cadmium removal capacity through in vitro assays and their ability to reduce Cd concentration in cacao plants under controlled in vivo conditions. The in vitro results showed that several <i>Trichoderma</i> strains could remove cadmium and accumulate it in their biomass. However, this process is complex as it depends on metal concentration and environmental conditions. Notably, <i>T. afroharzianum</i> UCF18-M1 and CP24-6 exhibited high removal efficiencies at 100 ppm (61.79 ± 2.98% and 57.93 ± 4.14%, respectively). In contrast, the in vivo assays revealed that, contrary to expectations, some strains—including those with the highest removal efficiency—stimulated Cd uptake in plants, even at toxic levels, such as <i>T. orientale</i> BLPF1-C1. However, <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2-C1 significantly reduced Cd accumulation in the stem. These findings highlight the potential of these strains to mitigate Cd contamination in cacao.https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/16/6/130bioremediationsustainabilitycadmiumNative Cacao<i>Trichoderma</i>
spellingShingle Rozana Yanina Malca-Cerna
Cortez-Lazaro Anthony Apolinario
Chavez-Castillo Jeremy Israel
Arce-Inga Marielita
Cumpa-Velasquez Liz Marjory
Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled Conditions
Microbiology Research
bioremediation
sustainability
cadmium
Native Cacao
<i>Trichoderma</i>
title Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled Conditions
title_full Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled Conditions
title_fullStr Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled Conditions
title_full_unstemmed Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled Conditions
title_short Native Strains <i>T. longibrachiatum</i> UCF17-M4 and <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. UCPF2 Reduce Cd Uptake in Cacao CCN51 Under Controlled Conditions
title_sort native strains i t longibrachiatum i ucf17 m4 and i trichoderma i sp ucpf2 reduce cd uptake in cacao ccn51 under controlled conditions
topic bioremediation
sustainability
cadmium
Native Cacao
<i>Trichoderma</i>
url https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/16/6/130
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