Green Extraction of Carotenoids from Pumpkin By-Products Using Natural Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents: Preliminary Insights
Natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (NaHDESs), composed of natural components like menthol, fatty acids, and organic acids, are sustainable alternatives to conventional solvents for extracting carotenoids from agro-industrial by-products. This study assessed the performance of nine NaHDESs fo...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/3/548 |
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| Summary: | Natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (NaHDESs), composed of natural components like menthol, fatty acids, and organic acids, are sustainable alternatives to conventional solvents for extracting carotenoids from agro-industrial by-products. This study assessed the performance of nine NaHDESs for extracting β-carotene from pumpkin peels, identifying DL-menthol/lactic acid (1:2) as the most effective solvent, achieving a yield of 0.823 ± 0.019 mg/mL of β-carotene, corresponding to 93.95% of the yield obtained using acetone. Optimization through Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) established ideal extraction conditions: a molar ratio of HBA:HBD at 1:4, a solvent-to-sample ratio of 26:1, and an extraction time of 30 min. These conditions maximized β-carotene recovery while minimizing energy consumption and process costs. Using NaHDESs facilitates the valorization of food waste, achieving extraction efficiencies of up to 25.05% of the theoretical carotenoid content in pumpkin peels. Their high performance and environmentally friendly profile underscore the potential of NaHDESs as sustainable alternatives to conventional solvents. |
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| ISSN: | 1420-3049 |