The association between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and diabetic retinopathy in individuals with diabetes: NHANES 2009–2014

The association between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and diabetic retinopathy in individuals with diabetes: NHANES 2009–2014

Abstract The association between caffeine and diabetic retinopathy (DR) risk remains controversial. This study aims to examine the association between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and self-reported DR risk in US individuals with diabetes. This cross-sectional study enrolled 535 particip...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Xiaodong Chen, Qianwen Guo, Jiarui Li, Ningda Xu, Heng Miao, Lvzhen Huang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Subjects:
Diabetic retinopathy
Caffeine
Older adults
Biomarkers
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01088-x
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