Oxidative derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine of smokers during transition to e-cigarettes
Introduction The use of electronic cigarettes (ECs) is rapidly evolving as an alternative to traditional tobacco cigarettes. While ECs are likely less harmful than tobacco use, they are not considered completely harmless to human health. However, there is increasing evidence supporting their efficac...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
European Publishing
2024-09-01
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| Series: | Public Health and Toxicology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.publichealthtoxicology.com/Oxidative-derivatives-of-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-in-urine-of-smokers-during,192740,0,2.html |
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| Summary: | Introduction
The use of electronic cigarettes (ECs) is
rapidly evolving as an alternative to traditional tobacco
cigarettes. While ECs are likely less harmful than tobacco
use, they are not considered completely harmless to human
health. However, there is increasing evidence supporting
their efficacy in smoking cessation. In our study, we
investigated the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
(PAH) biomarkers and their oxygenated and nitrated
derivatives in the urine of tobacco smokers who switched to
exclusive EC use for 28 days.
Methods
We employed the solid-phase microextraction
(SPME) method to efficiently extract the targeted analytes
and quantified them using gas chromatography mass
spectrometry (GC-MS). High extraction efficiency and
sensitivity was achieved by directly immersing the SPME
PDMS/DVB fiber into diluted urine samples, incubated at
70°C for 30 min. A total of 100 urine samples were analyzed
from 20 participants aged 20–68 years.
Results
In 80% of the analyzed samples, the concentrations
of PAH biomarkers and their derivatives in participants'
urine decreased by up to 90% after switching to EC.
Two PAH biomarkers, 2-naphthol and 1-OH-pyrene,
were quantified in 88 urine samples. Two oxygenated
PAHs (1,4-naphthoquinone and 9-fluorenone) were
quantified in 19 urine samples, while two nitrated PAHs
(1-nitronaphthalene and 2-nitrofluorene) were quantified
in 15 urine samples. The concentration of PAH biomarkers
before and after switching to EC ranged 0.04–174.8 ng/mg
creatinine and 0.1–115.8 ng/mg creatinine, respectively. PAH
derivative concentrations in smokers ranged 0.1–26.4 ng/
mg creatinine, while after switching to EC, PAH derivative
concentrations were mostly below the limit of detection and
quantification.
Conclusions
EC consumers must be aware that using EC
alone is not harmless. The presence of PAH derivatives in
urine needs more assessment studies to understand both
their mechanism of formation in the human body and risk
to health. |
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| ISSN: | 2732-8929 |