Methods for Determining Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Milk: A Review
This review aims to compile and present information on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in milk, their effects on human health, relevant legal regulations, and methods for their detection. PAHs are hazardous environmental pollutants that can accumulate in milk due to their lipophilicity and f...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| author | Klara Żbik Elżbieta Górska-Horczyczak Magdalena Zalewska Agnieszka Wierzbicka Andrzej Półtorak |
| author_facet | Klara Żbik Elżbieta Górska-Horczyczak Magdalena Zalewska Agnieszka Wierzbicka Andrzej Półtorak |
| author_sort | Klara Żbik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This review aims to compile and present information on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in milk, their effects on human health, relevant legal regulations, and methods for their detection. PAHs are hazardous environmental pollutants that can accumulate in milk due to their lipophilicity and feed, water, and grass contamination. Also, high-temperature processing in the milk industry can contribute to their formation. PAHs are recognized for their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties, posing significant risks to human health. Milk presents a unique analytical challenge as a complex matrix; the fats where hydrophobic PAHs tend to accumulate are “trapped” within the membranes of casein micelles. This complexity makes the extraction and analysis of PAHs more demanding than other food matrices. Developments in chromatographic techniques provide effective methods for detecting PAHs in milk, ensuring adherence to regulatory standards. The proper planning of research and the use of these techniques will lead to accurate results. This review focuses specifically on methods for extracting and isolating PAHs from milk, and instrumental methods for their detection and quantification. Such a review may be valuable for researchers looking for methods to analyze PAHs in milk and dairy products. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1102b1f6192345f4a6aba0bfc0e7d25d |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-1102b1f6192345f4a6aba0bfc0e7d25d2025-08-20T02:50:18ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172024-12-0114231138710.3390/app142311387Methods for Determining Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Milk: A ReviewKlara Żbik0Elżbieta Górska-Horczyczak1Magdalena Zalewska2Agnieszka Wierzbicka3Andrzej Półtorak4Department of Technique and Food Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 32, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Technique and Food Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 32, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Technique and Food Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 32, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Technique and Food Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 32, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Technique and Food Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 32, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandThis review aims to compile and present information on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in milk, their effects on human health, relevant legal regulations, and methods for their detection. PAHs are hazardous environmental pollutants that can accumulate in milk due to their lipophilicity and feed, water, and grass contamination. Also, high-temperature processing in the milk industry can contribute to their formation. PAHs are recognized for their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties, posing significant risks to human health. Milk presents a unique analytical challenge as a complex matrix; the fats where hydrophobic PAHs tend to accumulate are “trapped” within the membranes of casein micelles. This complexity makes the extraction and analysis of PAHs more demanding than other food matrices. Developments in chromatographic techniques provide effective methods for detecting PAHs in milk, ensuring adherence to regulatory standards. The proper planning of research and the use of these techniques will lead to accurate results. This review focuses specifically on methods for extracting and isolating PAHs from milk, and instrumental methods for their detection and quantification. Such a review may be valuable for researchers looking for methods to analyze PAHs in milk and dairy products.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/23/11387detection methodsliquid chromatographygas chromatographyfood processingextraction methodsmilk |
| spellingShingle | Klara Żbik Elżbieta Górska-Horczyczak Magdalena Zalewska Agnieszka Wierzbicka Andrzej Półtorak Methods for Determining Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Milk: A Review Applied Sciences detection methods liquid chromatography gas chromatography food processing extraction methods milk |
| title | Methods for Determining Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Milk: A Review |
| title_full | Methods for Determining Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Milk: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Methods for Determining Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Milk: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Methods for Determining Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Milk: A Review |
| title_short | Methods for Determining Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Milk: A Review |
| title_sort | methods for determining polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs in milk a review |
| topic | detection methods liquid chromatography gas chromatography food processing extraction methods milk |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/23/11387 |
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