Preparation of Vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>) Electrolyte by Hydrothermal Reduction Process Using Citric Acid for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
In this study, vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>) electrolyte was prepared for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) through a reduction reaction using a batch-type hydrothermal reactor, differing from conventional production methods that utilize VOSO<sub>4</sub> and V<sub>2<...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Ung-Il Kang |
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| description | In this study, vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>) electrolyte was prepared for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) through a reduction reaction using a batch-type hydrothermal reactor, differing from conventional production methods that utilize VOSO<sub>4</sub> and V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5.</sub> The starting material, V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, was mixed with various concentrations (0.8 M, 1.2 M, 1.6 M, 2.0 M) of citric acid (CA) as the reducing agent and stirred for 60 min at 90 °C using a hot plate to ensure complete dispersion in the solution. The resulting solution was subsequently subjected to a hydrothermal reduction reaction (HRR) furnace at 150 °C for 24 h to generate vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>). The mixed states of the produced vanadium (3<sup>+</sup>) and vanadium (4<sup>+</sup>) were confirmed using UV-vis spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of the electrolyte were investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), revealing that the optimal concentration of the CA was 1.6 M. The current efficiency, energy efficiency, and voltage efficiency of the electrolyte produced via the HRR process was compared with that prepared using VOSO<sub>4</sub> in charge and discharge experiments. The results demonstrate that the HRR process yields an enhanced electrolyte across all efficiency metrics produced through the given improved performance in all efficiencies. These findings indicate that the HRR process using citric acid can facilitate the straightforward preparation of vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>) electrolyte, making it suitable for large-scale production. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
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| spelling | doaj-art-10dccfcee0f84a978e96b064e8fd12cc2025-08-20T02:55:45ZengMDPI AGElectrochem2673-32932024-11-015447048110.3390/electrochem5040031Preparation of Vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>) Electrolyte by Hydrothermal Reduction Process Using Citric Acid for Vanadium Redox Flow BatteryUng-Il Kang0Department of the Fire Service Administration, Honam University, Gwangju 62399, Republic of KoreaIn this study, vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>) electrolyte was prepared for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) through a reduction reaction using a batch-type hydrothermal reactor, differing from conventional production methods that utilize VOSO<sub>4</sub> and V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5.</sub> The starting material, V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, was mixed with various concentrations (0.8 M, 1.2 M, 1.6 M, 2.0 M) of citric acid (CA) as the reducing agent and stirred for 60 min at 90 °C using a hot plate to ensure complete dispersion in the solution. The resulting solution was subsequently subjected to a hydrothermal reduction reaction (HRR) furnace at 150 °C for 24 h to generate vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>). The mixed states of the produced vanadium (3<sup>+</sup>) and vanadium (4<sup>+</sup>) were confirmed using UV-vis spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of the electrolyte were investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), revealing that the optimal concentration of the CA was 1.6 M. The current efficiency, energy efficiency, and voltage efficiency of the electrolyte produced via the HRR process was compared with that prepared using VOSO<sub>4</sub> in charge and discharge experiments. The results demonstrate that the HRR process yields an enhanced electrolyte across all efficiency metrics produced through the given improved performance in all efficiencies. These findings indicate that the HRR process using citric acid can facilitate the straightforward preparation of vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>) electrolyte, making it suitable for large-scale production.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3293/5/4/31vanadium sulfate (VOSO<sub>4</sub>)vanadium pentoxide (V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)electrolytecitric acid (CA)hydrothermal reduction reaction (HRR)vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) |
| spellingShingle | Ung-Il Kang Preparation of Vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>) Electrolyte by Hydrothermal Reduction Process Using Citric Acid for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Electrochem vanadium sulfate (VOSO<sub>4</sub>) vanadium pentoxide (V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) electrolyte citric acid (CA) hydrothermal reduction reaction (HRR) vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) |
| title | Preparation of Vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>) Electrolyte by Hydrothermal Reduction Process Using Citric Acid for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery |
| title_full | Preparation of Vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>) Electrolyte by Hydrothermal Reduction Process Using Citric Acid for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery |
| title_fullStr | Preparation of Vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>) Electrolyte by Hydrothermal Reduction Process Using Citric Acid for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery |
| title_full_unstemmed | Preparation of Vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>) Electrolyte by Hydrothermal Reduction Process Using Citric Acid for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery |
| title_short | Preparation of Vanadium (3.5<sup>+</sup>) Electrolyte by Hydrothermal Reduction Process Using Citric Acid for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery |
| title_sort | preparation of vanadium 3 5 sup sup electrolyte by hydrothermal reduction process using citric acid for vanadium redox flow battery |
| topic | vanadium sulfate (VOSO<sub>4</sub>) vanadium pentoxide (V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) electrolyte citric acid (CA) hydrothermal reduction reaction (HRR) vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3293/5/4/31 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ungilkang preparationofvanadium35supsupelectrolytebyhydrothermalreductionprocessusingcitricacidforvanadiumredoxflowbattery |