Precision Molding Simulation Study of 3D Ultra-Thin Glass Components for Smartwatches
High stress and shape deviation during the glass forming process often led to low yield rates, posing a challenge in the production of high-precision smartwatch components. To address this issue, a numerical model was developed to simulate and analyze the forming behavior of 3D curved glass. The stu...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Micromachines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/5/584 |
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| author | Xinfeng Zhao Shunchang Hu Peiyan Sun Wuyi Ming |
| author_facet | Xinfeng Zhao Shunchang Hu Peiyan Sun Wuyi Ming |
| author_sort | Xinfeng Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | High stress and shape deviation during the glass forming process often led to low yield rates, posing a challenge in the production of high-precision smartwatch components. To address this issue, a numerical model was developed to simulate and analyze the forming behavior of 3D curved glass. The study focused on achieving a balance between energy consumption and key quality attributes, such as residual stress and shape accuracy. Results showed that forming pressure primarily affects shape deviation, while forming temperature plays a dominant role in energy usage and residual stress. Through orthogonal experiments, optimal parameters were identified: a forming temperature of 630 °C, pressure of 0.25 MPa, and cooling rate of 0.25 °C/s effectively minimize residual stress. Meanwhile, shape deviation is minimized at 630 °C, 0.30 MPa, and a cooling rate of 0.75 °C/s. Energy efficiency analysis indicated that low efficiency occurs at 610 °C with a 3 °C/s heating rate. Furthermore, NSGA-II multi-objective optimization validated the model’s accuracy, with prediction errors under 20%, offering valuable guidance for the precise fabrication of smartwatch glass. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-10b0e6f19c964d4cab55f83fa9c81d91 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2072-666X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Micromachines |
| spelling | doaj-art-10b0e6f19c964d4cab55f83fa9c81d912025-08-20T02:33:47ZengMDPI AGMicromachines2072-666X2025-05-0116558410.3390/mi16050584Precision Molding Simulation Study of 3D Ultra-Thin Glass Components for SmartwatchesXinfeng Zhao0Shunchang Hu1Peiyan Sun2Wuyi Ming3College of Water Conservancy Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical University, Kaifeng 475000, ChinaHenan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing of Mechanical Equipment, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaHenan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing of Mechanical Equipment, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaHenan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing of Mechanical Equipment, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, ChinaHigh stress and shape deviation during the glass forming process often led to low yield rates, posing a challenge in the production of high-precision smartwatch components. To address this issue, a numerical model was developed to simulate and analyze the forming behavior of 3D curved glass. The study focused on achieving a balance between energy consumption and key quality attributes, such as residual stress and shape accuracy. Results showed that forming pressure primarily affects shape deviation, while forming temperature plays a dominant role in energy usage and residual stress. Through orthogonal experiments, optimal parameters were identified: a forming temperature of 630 °C, pressure of 0.25 MPa, and cooling rate of 0.25 °C/s effectively minimize residual stress. Meanwhile, shape deviation is minimized at 630 °C, 0.30 MPa, and a cooling rate of 0.75 °C/s. Energy efficiency analysis indicated that low efficiency occurs at 610 °C with a 3 °C/s heating rate. Furthermore, NSGA-II multi-objective optimization validated the model’s accuracy, with prediction errors under 20%, offering valuable guidance for the precise fabrication of smartwatch glass.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/5/5843D ultra-thin glass componentsforming qualityoptimization schemeforming pressureforming temperature |
| spellingShingle | Xinfeng Zhao Shunchang Hu Peiyan Sun Wuyi Ming Precision Molding Simulation Study of 3D Ultra-Thin Glass Components for Smartwatches Micromachines 3D ultra-thin glass components forming quality optimization scheme forming pressure forming temperature |
| title | Precision Molding Simulation Study of 3D Ultra-Thin Glass Components for Smartwatches |
| title_full | Precision Molding Simulation Study of 3D Ultra-Thin Glass Components for Smartwatches |
| title_fullStr | Precision Molding Simulation Study of 3D Ultra-Thin Glass Components for Smartwatches |
| title_full_unstemmed | Precision Molding Simulation Study of 3D Ultra-Thin Glass Components for Smartwatches |
| title_short | Precision Molding Simulation Study of 3D Ultra-Thin Glass Components for Smartwatches |
| title_sort | precision molding simulation study of 3d ultra thin glass components for smartwatches |
| topic | 3D ultra-thin glass components forming quality optimization scheme forming pressure forming temperature |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/5/584 |
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