Multistage pig identification using a sequential ear tag detection pipeline
Abstract Reliable animal identification in livestock husbandry is essential for various applications, including behavioral monitoring, welfare assessment, and the analysis of social structures. Although recent advancements in deep learning models have improved animal identification using biometric m...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05283-8 |
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| author | Martin Wutke Damiano Debiasi Shobhana Tomar Jeanette Probst Nicole Kemper Kai Gevers Marc-Alexander Lieboldt Imke Traulsen |
| author_facet | Martin Wutke Damiano Debiasi Shobhana Tomar Jeanette Probst Nicole Kemper Kai Gevers Marc-Alexander Lieboldt Imke Traulsen |
| author_sort | Martin Wutke |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Reliable animal identification in livestock husbandry is essential for various applications, including behavioral monitoring, welfare assessment, and the analysis of social structures. Although recent advancements in deep learning models have improved animal identification using biometric markers, their applicability remains limited for species without distinctive traits like pigs. Consequently, synthetic features such as ear tags have become widely adopted. However, challenges such as poor lighting conditions and the complexity of ear tag coding continue to restrict the effectiveness of Computer Vision and Deep Learning techniques. In this study, we introduce a robust, lighting-invariant method for individual pig identification that leverages commercially available ear tags within a sequential detection pipeline. Our approach employs four object detection models in succession to detect pigs, localize ear tags, perform rotation correction via pin detection, and recognize digits, ultimately generating a reliable ID proposal. In a first evaluation stage, we assessed the performance of each model independently, achieving a mAP0.95 value of 0.970, 0.979, 0.974 and 0.979 for the pig detection, ear tag detection, pin detection and ID classification model, respectively. In addition, our method was further evaluated in two different camera environments to assess its performance in both familiar and unfamiliar conditions. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves a very high precision of 0.996 in a familiar top-down camera scenario and maintained a strong generalization performance in an unfamiliar, close-up setup with a precision of 0.913 and a recall of 0.903. Furthermore, by publicly proposing three custom datasets for ear tag, pin, and digit detection, we aim to support reproducibility and further research in automated animal identification for precision livestock farming. The findings of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of ID-based animal identification and the proposed method could be integrated within advanced multi-object tracking systems to enable continuous animal observation and for monitoring specific target areas, thereby significantly enhancing overall livestock management systems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-105b006ba6de4c2982aae9b2000382ea |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-105b006ba6de4c2982aae9b2000382ea2025-08-20T02:10:36ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-06-0115111310.1038/s41598-025-05283-8Multistage pig identification using a sequential ear tag detection pipelineMartin Wutke0Damiano Debiasi1Shobhana Tomar2Jeanette Probst3Nicole Kemper4Kai Gevers5Marc-Alexander Lieboldt6Imke Traulsen7Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University KielInstitute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University KielInstitute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University KielInstitute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior (ITTN), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, FoundationInstitute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior (ITTN), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, FoundationChamber of Agriculture Lower Saxony, Division Agriculture, OldenburgChamber of Agriculture Lower Saxony, Division Agriculture, OldenburgInstitute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University KielAbstract Reliable animal identification in livestock husbandry is essential for various applications, including behavioral monitoring, welfare assessment, and the analysis of social structures. Although recent advancements in deep learning models have improved animal identification using biometric markers, their applicability remains limited for species without distinctive traits like pigs. Consequently, synthetic features such as ear tags have become widely adopted. However, challenges such as poor lighting conditions and the complexity of ear tag coding continue to restrict the effectiveness of Computer Vision and Deep Learning techniques. In this study, we introduce a robust, lighting-invariant method for individual pig identification that leverages commercially available ear tags within a sequential detection pipeline. Our approach employs four object detection models in succession to detect pigs, localize ear tags, perform rotation correction via pin detection, and recognize digits, ultimately generating a reliable ID proposal. In a first evaluation stage, we assessed the performance of each model independently, achieving a mAP0.95 value of 0.970, 0.979, 0.974 and 0.979 for the pig detection, ear tag detection, pin detection and ID classification model, respectively. In addition, our method was further evaluated in two different camera environments to assess its performance in both familiar and unfamiliar conditions. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves a very high precision of 0.996 in a familiar top-down camera scenario and maintained a strong generalization performance in an unfamiliar, close-up setup with a precision of 0.913 and a recall of 0.903. Furthermore, by publicly proposing three custom datasets for ear tag, pin, and digit detection, we aim to support reproducibility and further research in automated animal identification for precision livestock farming. The findings of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of ID-based animal identification and the proposed method could be integrated within advanced multi-object tracking systems to enable continuous animal observation and for monitoring specific target areas, thereby significantly enhancing overall livestock management systems.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05283-8Animal identificationComputer visionYOLOv10 |
| spellingShingle | Martin Wutke Damiano Debiasi Shobhana Tomar Jeanette Probst Nicole Kemper Kai Gevers Marc-Alexander Lieboldt Imke Traulsen Multistage pig identification using a sequential ear tag detection pipeline Scientific Reports Animal identification Computer vision YOLOv10 |
| title | Multistage pig identification using a sequential ear tag detection pipeline |
| title_full | Multistage pig identification using a sequential ear tag detection pipeline |
| title_fullStr | Multistage pig identification using a sequential ear tag detection pipeline |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multistage pig identification using a sequential ear tag detection pipeline |
| title_short | Multistage pig identification using a sequential ear tag detection pipeline |
| title_sort | multistage pig identification using a sequential ear tag detection pipeline |
| topic | Animal identification Computer vision YOLOv10 |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05283-8 |
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