Characterising the asynchronous resurgence of common respiratory viruses following the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic and relevant non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) interrupted the circulation of common respiratory viruses. These viruses demonstrated an unprecedented asynchronous resurgence as NPIs were relaxed. We compiled a global dataset from a systematic review, online surve...

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Main Authors: Chenkai Zhao, Tiantian Zhang, Ling Guo, Shiqi Sun, Yumeng Miao, Chee Fu Yung, Jane Tomlinson, Kirill Stolyarov, Zakhar Shchomak, Yong Poovorawan, David James Nokes, Carmen Muñoz-Almagro, Michal Mandelboim, James W. Keck, Joanne Marie Langley, Terho Heikkinen, Jikui Deng, Philippe Colson, Giorgi Chakhunashvili, Mauricio T. Caballero, Louis Bont, Daniel R. Feikin, Harish Nair, Xin Wang, You Li, Respiratory Virus Global Epidemiology Network
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-02-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56776-z
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author Chenkai Zhao
Tiantian Zhang
Ling Guo
Shiqi Sun
Yumeng Miao
Chee Fu Yung
Jane Tomlinson
Kirill Stolyarov
Zakhar Shchomak
Yong Poovorawan
David James Nokes
Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
Michal Mandelboim
James W. Keck
Joanne Marie Langley
Terho Heikkinen
Jikui Deng
Philippe Colson
Giorgi Chakhunashvili
Mauricio T. Caballero
Louis Bont
Daniel R. Feikin
Harish Nair
Xin Wang
You Li
Respiratory Virus Global Epidemiology Network
author_facet Chenkai Zhao
Tiantian Zhang
Ling Guo
Shiqi Sun
Yumeng Miao
Chee Fu Yung
Jane Tomlinson
Kirill Stolyarov
Zakhar Shchomak
Yong Poovorawan
David James Nokes
Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
Michal Mandelboim
James W. Keck
Joanne Marie Langley
Terho Heikkinen
Jikui Deng
Philippe Colson
Giorgi Chakhunashvili
Mauricio T. Caballero
Louis Bont
Daniel R. Feikin
Harish Nair
Xin Wang
You Li
Respiratory Virus Global Epidemiology Network
author_sort Chenkai Zhao
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic and relevant non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) interrupted the circulation of common respiratory viruses. These viruses demonstrated an unprecedented asynchronous resurgence as NPIs were relaxed. We compiled a global dataset from a systematic review, online surveillance reports and unpublished data from Respiratory Virus Global Epidemiology Network, encompassing 92 sites. We compared the resurgence timings of respiratory viruses within each site and synthesised differences in timings across sites, using a generalised linear mixed-effects model. We revealed a distinct sequential timing in the first post-pandemic resurgence: rhinovirus resurged the earliest, followed by seasonal coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and influenza A virus, with influenza B virus exhibiting the latest resurgence. Similar sequential timing was observed in the second resurgence except influenza A virus caught up with metapneumovirus. The consistent asynchrony across geographical regions suggests that virus-specific characteristics, rather than location-specific factors, determining the relative timing of resurgence.
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publisher Nature Portfolio
record_format Article
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spelling doaj-art-10467ebf429341179c0ec4afc686e26d2025-08-20T02:48:12ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-02-0116111110.1038/s41467-025-56776-zCharacterising the asynchronous resurgence of common respiratory viruses following the COVID-19 pandemicChenkai Zhao0Tiantian Zhang1Ling Guo2Shiqi Sun3Yumeng Miao4Chee Fu Yung5Jane Tomlinson6Kirill Stolyarov7Zakhar Shchomak8Yong Poovorawan9David James Nokes10Carmen Muñoz-Almagro11Michal Mandelboim12James W. Keck13Joanne Marie Langley14Terho Heikkinen15Jikui Deng16Philippe Colson17Giorgi Chakhunashvili18Mauricio T. Caballero19Louis Bont20Daniel R. Feikin21Harish Nair22Xin Wang23You Li24Respiratory Virus Global Epidemiology NetworkDepartment of Epidemiology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityDepartment of Epidemiology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityDepartment of Epidemiology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityDepartment of Epidemiology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityDepartment of Epidemiology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityInfectious Diseases Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s HospitalInfection Prevention and Control Department, The Royal Children’s Hospital MelbourneSmorodintsev Research Institute of InfluenzaDepartment of Pediatrics, Hospital Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa NorteCenter of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn UniversityKEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research ProgrammeInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Sant Joan de DeuCentral Virology Laboratory, Ministry of HealthResearch Services Department, Alaska Native Tribal Health ConsortiumCanadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health and Nova Scotia Health, Dalhousie UniversityDepartment of Pediatrics, University of TurkuDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen children’s hospitalLaboratory and Infectious Diseases Departments, IHU Méditerranée InfectionNational Center for Disease Control and Public HealthConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Department of Pediatrics, Wilhemina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center UtrechtDepartment of Immunizations, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health OrganizationDepartment of Epidemiology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityCentre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of EdinburghDepartment of Epidemiology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityAbstract The COVID-19 pandemic and relevant non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) interrupted the circulation of common respiratory viruses. These viruses demonstrated an unprecedented asynchronous resurgence as NPIs were relaxed. We compiled a global dataset from a systematic review, online surveillance reports and unpublished data from Respiratory Virus Global Epidemiology Network, encompassing 92 sites. We compared the resurgence timings of respiratory viruses within each site and synthesised differences in timings across sites, using a generalised linear mixed-effects model. We revealed a distinct sequential timing in the first post-pandemic resurgence: rhinovirus resurged the earliest, followed by seasonal coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and influenza A virus, with influenza B virus exhibiting the latest resurgence. Similar sequential timing was observed in the second resurgence except influenza A virus caught up with metapneumovirus. The consistent asynchrony across geographical regions suggests that virus-specific characteristics, rather than location-specific factors, determining the relative timing of resurgence.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56776-z
spellingShingle Chenkai Zhao
Tiantian Zhang
Ling Guo
Shiqi Sun
Yumeng Miao
Chee Fu Yung
Jane Tomlinson
Kirill Stolyarov
Zakhar Shchomak
Yong Poovorawan
David James Nokes
Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
Michal Mandelboim
James W. Keck
Joanne Marie Langley
Terho Heikkinen
Jikui Deng
Philippe Colson
Giorgi Chakhunashvili
Mauricio T. Caballero
Louis Bont
Daniel R. Feikin
Harish Nair
Xin Wang
You Li
Respiratory Virus Global Epidemiology Network
Characterising the asynchronous resurgence of common respiratory viruses following the COVID-19 pandemic
Nature Communications
title Characterising the asynchronous resurgence of common respiratory viruses following the COVID-19 pandemic
title_full Characterising the asynchronous resurgence of common respiratory viruses following the COVID-19 pandemic
title_fullStr Characterising the asynchronous resurgence of common respiratory viruses following the COVID-19 pandemic
title_full_unstemmed Characterising the asynchronous resurgence of common respiratory viruses following the COVID-19 pandemic
title_short Characterising the asynchronous resurgence of common respiratory viruses following the COVID-19 pandemic
title_sort characterising the asynchronous resurgence of common respiratory viruses following the covid 19 pandemic
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56776-z
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