High contamination of Salmonella spp. in raw milk in Ecuador: molecular identification of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi, Enteritidis and Typhimurium
In Ecuador, the consumption of raw milk is fundamental, nonetheless it also presents risks due to the presence of Salmonella, a pathogen responsible for foodborne diseases (FBD). This study evaluated the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in raw milk from the provinces of Pichincha and Manabí, identifyin...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1593266/full |
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| author | Anthony Loor-Giler Anthony Loor-Giler Camila Sanchez-Castro Marcela Robayo-Chico Byron Puga-Torres Silvana Santander-Parra Luis Nuñez Luis Nuñez |
| author_facet | Anthony Loor-Giler Anthony Loor-Giler Camila Sanchez-Castro Marcela Robayo-Chico Byron Puga-Torres Silvana Santander-Parra Luis Nuñez Luis Nuñez |
| author_sort | Anthony Loor-Giler |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In Ecuador, the consumption of raw milk is fundamental, nonetheless it also presents risks due to the presence of Salmonella, a pathogen responsible for foodborne diseases (FBD). This study evaluated the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in raw milk from the provinces of Pichincha and Manabí, identifying the Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi, Enteritidis and Typhimurium, in order to determine the risks associated with FBD. For this study, 600 raw milk samples were analyzed using a specific qPCR assay for Salmonella enterica, in parallel, bacterial isolation of the strains was performed according to ISO 6579-1:2017, and serotyped using endpoint PCR assays. Finally, the 16S rDNA of some isolates was sequenced and the identification of these isolates was confirmed. A prevalence of 37.5% (n = 225 positive samples) was obtained, where the climatic season had a significant influence on Salmonella enterica contamination, being higher in the warm season. In the analysis of serovars, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis predominated with 62 and 60 samples respectively, followed by Salmonella Paratyphi with 32 samples and Salmonella Typhi with only 28 samples. A phylogenetic relationship was found between the 16 s samples sequences of this study and those previously reported in NCBI. The high prevalence of Salmonella enterica in raw milk intended for consumption in Ecuador represents a significant public health risk due to its high pathogenic potential. It is therefore essential to improve biosafety practices among livestock producers and implement sanitary control measures to reduce the risk posed by this pathogen in raw milk and similar food products. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1009a14befe5472fa27f1f12fee24bee |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2571-581X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems |
| spelling | doaj-art-1009a14befe5472fa27f1f12fee24bee2025-08-20T03:55:54ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems2571-581X2025-07-01910.3389/fsufs.2025.15932661593266High contamination of Salmonella spp. in raw milk in Ecuador: molecular identification of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi, Enteritidis and TyphimuriumAnthony Loor-Giler0Anthony Loor-Giler1Camila Sanchez-Castro2Marcela Robayo-Chico3Byron Puga-Torres4Silvana Santander-Parra5Luis Nuñez6Luis Nuñez7Laboratorios de Investigación, Dirección General de Investigación, Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, EcuadorFacultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFacultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, EcuadorFacultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, EcuadorFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, EcuadorFacultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, EcuadorFacultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, EcuadorOne Health Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, EcuadorIn Ecuador, the consumption of raw milk is fundamental, nonetheless it also presents risks due to the presence of Salmonella, a pathogen responsible for foodborne diseases (FBD). This study evaluated the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in raw milk from the provinces of Pichincha and Manabí, identifying the Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi, Enteritidis and Typhimurium, in order to determine the risks associated with FBD. For this study, 600 raw milk samples were analyzed using a specific qPCR assay for Salmonella enterica, in parallel, bacterial isolation of the strains was performed according to ISO 6579-1:2017, and serotyped using endpoint PCR assays. Finally, the 16S rDNA of some isolates was sequenced and the identification of these isolates was confirmed. A prevalence of 37.5% (n = 225 positive samples) was obtained, where the climatic season had a significant influence on Salmonella enterica contamination, being higher in the warm season. In the analysis of serovars, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis predominated with 62 and 60 samples respectively, followed by Salmonella Paratyphi with 32 samples and Salmonella Typhi with only 28 samples. A phylogenetic relationship was found between the 16 s samples sequences of this study and those previously reported in NCBI. The high prevalence of Salmonella enterica in raw milk intended for consumption in Ecuador represents a significant public health risk due to its high pathogenic potential. It is therefore essential to improve biosafety practices among livestock producers and implement sanitary control measures to reduce the risk posed by this pathogen in raw milk and similar food products.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1593266/fullSalmonella spp.raw milkSalmonella enterica serovarscontaminationrisk of infection |
| spellingShingle | Anthony Loor-Giler Anthony Loor-Giler Camila Sanchez-Castro Marcela Robayo-Chico Byron Puga-Torres Silvana Santander-Parra Luis Nuñez Luis Nuñez High contamination of Salmonella spp. in raw milk in Ecuador: molecular identification of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi, Enteritidis and Typhimurium Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems Salmonella spp. raw milk Salmonella enterica serovars contamination risk of infection |
| title | High contamination of Salmonella spp. in raw milk in Ecuador: molecular identification of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi, Enteritidis and Typhimurium |
| title_full | High contamination of Salmonella spp. in raw milk in Ecuador: molecular identification of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi, Enteritidis and Typhimurium |
| title_fullStr | High contamination of Salmonella spp. in raw milk in Ecuador: molecular identification of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi, Enteritidis and Typhimurium |
| title_full_unstemmed | High contamination of Salmonella spp. in raw milk in Ecuador: molecular identification of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi, Enteritidis and Typhimurium |
| title_short | High contamination of Salmonella spp. in raw milk in Ecuador: molecular identification of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi, Enteritidis and Typhimurium |
| title_sort | high contamination of salmonella spp in raw milk in ecuador molecular identification of salmonella enterica serovars typhi paratyphi enteritidis and typhimurium |
| topic | Salmonella spp. raw milk Salmonella enterica serovars contamination risk of infection |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1593266/full |
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