Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Thymus migricus for multifunctional applications in antioxidant, antimicrobial, photocatalytic, and seed priming processes

Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs) with an average diameter of 14.74 ± 0.23 nm were synthesized through a green synthesis method using the extract of Thymus migricus. Fe2O3NPs was thoroughly characterized using various techniques including UV–Vis, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, TEM, BET and DLS. The study...

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Main Authors: Sanaz Ashrafi-Saiedlou, MirHassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani, Mohammad Fattahi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-03-01
Series:Heliyon
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844025013143
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author Sanaz Ashrafi-Saiedlou
MirHassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani
Mohammad Fattahi
author_facet Sanaz Ashrafi-Saiedlou
MirHassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani
Mohammad Fattahi
author_sort Sanaz Ashrafi-Saiedlou
collection DOAJ
description Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs) with an average diameter of 14.74 ± 0.23 nm were synthesized through a green synthesis method using the extract of Thymus migricus. Fe2O3NPs was thoroughly characterized using various techniques including UV–Vis, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, TEM, BET and DLS. The study investigated the photocatalytic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and seed priming properties of Fe2O3NPs. The photocatalytic potential of Fe2O3NPs (0.5 mg mL−1) was assessed against methyl orange (MO), methyl violet (MV), and methylene blue (MB) dyes exhibiting degradation rates of 64.5 %, 84.6 %, and 61 %, respectively. The antibacterial activity of Fe2O3NPs was examined against one Gram-positive bacterial strain (Staphylococcus aureus) and three Gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas syringae, and Salmonella enterica). Considerable growth inhibition was observed in S. aureus and S. enterica, with inhibition zone diameters of 16.15 ± 0.19 mm and 13.31 ± 0.46 mm, respectively, with 400 μg mL−1 Fe2O3NPs. The IC50 value (2.85 ± 0.29 μg mL−1) for the antioxidant activity of the synthesized NPs was determined by DPPH free radical scavenger assay. The exceptional biomedical potential of NPs was attributed to their remarkably small size. The research findings demonstrated the efficacy of synthesizing iron nanoparticles from plants. These results have the potential for application in pharmaceuticals, food, and various other industries following additional studies.
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spelling doaj-art-0fdf358086dc44b5acb5d47927c25fad2025-08-20T01:57:39ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402025-03-01115e4293310.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42933Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Thymus migricus for multifunctional applications in antioxidant, antimicrobial, photocatalytic, and seed priming processesSanaz Ashrafi-Saiedlou0MirHassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani1Mohammad Fattahi2Department of Soil and Water Research, West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran; Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; Corresponding author. Department of Soil and Water Research, West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran.Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; Corresponding author. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, IranIron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs) with an average diameter of 14.74 ± 0.23 nm were synthesized through a green synthesis method using the extract of Thymus migricus. Fe2O3NPs was thoroughly characterized using various techniques including UV–Vis, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, TEM, BET and DLS. The study investigated the photocatalytic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and seed priming properties of Fe2O3NPs. The photocatalytic potential of Fe2O3NPs (0.5 mg mL−1) was assessed against methyl orange (MO), methyl violet (MV), and methylene blue (MB) dyes exhibiting degradation rates of 64.5 %, 84.6 %, and 61 %, respectively. The antibacterial activity of Fe2O3NPs was examined against one Gram-positive bacterial strain (Staphylococcus aureus) and three Gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas syringae, and Salmonella enterica). Considerable growth inhibition was observed in S. aureus and S. enterica, with inhibition zone diameters of 16.15 ± 0.19 mm and 13.31 ± 0.46 mm, respectively, with 400 μg mL−1 Fe2O3NPs. The IC50 value (2.85 ± 0.29 μg mL−1) for the antioxidant activity of the synthesized NPs was determined by DPPH free radical scavenger assay. The exceptional biomedical potential of NPs was attributed to their remarkably small size. The research findings demonstrated the efficacy of synthesizing iron nanoparticles from plants. These results have the potential for application in pharmaceuticals, food, and various other industries following additional studies.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844025013143Green synthesisNano primingDye degradationMedicinal plantsFTIRDPPH free-radical scavenging
spellingShingle Sanaz Ashrafi-Saiedlou
MirHassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani
Mohammad Fattahi
Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Thymus migricus for multifunctional applications in antioxidant, antimicrobial, photocatalytic, and seed priming processes
Heliyon
Green synthesis
Nano priming
Dye degradation
Medicinal plants
FTIR
DPPH free-radical scavenging
title Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Thymus migricus for multifunctional applications in antioxidant, antimicrobial, photocatalytic, and seed priming processes
title_full Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Thymus migricus for multifunctional applications in antioxidant, antimicrobial, photocatalytic, and seed priming processes
title_fullStr Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Thymus migricus for multifunctional applications in antioxidant, antimicrobial, photocatalytic, and seed priming processes
title_full_unstemmed Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Thymus migricus for multifunctional applications in antioxidant, antimicrobial, photocatalytic, and seed priming processes
title_short Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Thymus migricus for multifunctional applications in antioxidant, antimicrobial, photocatalytic, and seed priming processes
title_sort green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using thymus migricus for multifunctional applications in antioxidant antimicrobial photocatalytic and seed priming processes
topic Green synthesis
Nano priming
Dye degradation
Medicinal plants
FTIR
DPPH free-radical scavenging
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844025013143
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