Effects of Sex, Age, and Body Size on Flight Performance of <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a Vector of Pine Wood Nematodes, Using Flight Mills
To understand the spread of the pine wood nematode <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> (Steiner and Buhrer, 1934; Nickle, 1970) and identify infected trees, the dispersal ability of insects was examined. In this study, the effects of sex, adult age, and morphological traits on the flight p...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| author | Jong-Kook Jung Chayoung Lee Beomjun Jang Youngwoo Nam |
| author_facet | Jong-Kook Jung Chayoung Lee Beomjun Jang Youngwoo Nam |
| author_sort | Jong-Kook Jung |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To understand the spread of the pine wood nematode <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> (Steiner and Buhrer, 1934; Nickle, 1970) and identify infected trees, the dispersal ability of insects was examined. In this study, the effects of sex, adult age, and morphological traits on the flight performance (such as flight distance, time, and speed) of <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> (Hope, 1843) were investigated using flight mills. Over a period of 8 weeks, a total of 42 newly emerged adult beetles were tethered to flight mills once a week. Flight distance and time were recorded for 2 h during each session. The total flight distance of individuals that flew more than 100 m during each session was calculated. The results showed that females flew an average of 6.65 km, for 59.6 min, while males flew an average of 9.89 km, for 85.8 min. In a single flight experimental session, both sexes could fly up to approximately 2 km and were found to fly at an average speed of 1.9 m s<sup>−1</sup>. In our principal component analysis (PCA), the first and second principal components were found to be highly correlated with the sex, morphological traits, and flight performances of <i>M. alternatus</i>. This study demonstrates that the flight ability of <i>M. alternatus</i> varies significantly according to body size and sex, which is fundamental and crucial for understanding the dispersal patterns of pine wilt disease. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0fd86a661c0f4dfdbbaf42c32b288fac |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2075-4450 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-0fd86a661c0f4dfdbbaf42c32b288fac2025-08-20T02:33:50ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502025-04-0116544410.3390/insects16050444Effects of Sex, Age, and Body Size on Flight Performance of <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a Vector of Pine Wood Nematodes, Using Flight MillsJong-Kook Jung0Chayoung Lee1Beomjun Jang2Youngwoo Nam3Department of Forest Environment Protection, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of KoreaForest Insect Pests and Diseases Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of KoreaForest Insect Pests and Diseases Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of KoreaForest Insect Pests and Diseases Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of KoreaTo understand the spread of the pine wood nematode <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> (Steiner and Buhrer, 1934; Nickle, 1970) and identify infected trees, the dispersal ability of insects was examined. In this study, the effects of sex, adult age, and morphological traits on the flight performance (such as flight distance, time, and speed) of <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> (Hope, 1843) were investigated using flight mills. Over a period of 8 weeks, a total of 42 newly emerged adult beetles were tethered to flight mills once a week. Flight distance and time were recorded for 2 h during each session. The total flight distance of individuals that flew more than 100 m during each session was calculated. The results showed that females flew an average of 6.65 km, for 59.6 min, while males flew an average of 9.89 km, for 85.8 min. In a single flight experimental session, both sexes could fly up to approximately 2 km and were found to fly at an average speed of 1.9 m s<sup>−1</sup>. In our principal component analysis (PCA), the first and second principal components were found to be highly correlated with the sex, morphological traits, and flight performances of <i>M. alternatus</i>. This study demonstrates that the flight ability of <i>M. alternatus</i> varies significantly according to body size and sex, which is fundamental and crucial for understanding the dispersal patterns of pine wilt disease.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/5/444pine wilt diseasevector insectspine wood nematode<i>Monochamus</i> beetlesflight capability |
| spellingShingle | Jong-Kook Jung Chayoung Lee Beomjun Jang Youngwoo Nam Effects of Sex, Age, and Body Size on Flight Performance of <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a Vector of Pine Wood Nematodes, Using Flight Mills Insects pine wilt disease vector insects pine wood nematode <i>Monochamus</i> beetles flight capability |
| title | Effects of Sex, Age, and Body Size on Flight Performance of <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a Vector of Pine Wood Nematodes, Using Flight Mills |
| title_full | Effects of Sex, Age, and Body Size on Flight Performance of <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a Vector of Pine Wood Nematodes, Using Flight Mills |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Sex, Age, and Body Size on Flight Performance of <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a Vector of Pine Wood Nematodes, Using Flight Mills |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Sex, Age, and Body Size on Flight Performance of <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a Vector of Pine Wood Nematodes, Using Flight Mills |
| title_short | Effects of Sex, Age, and Body Size on Flight Performance of <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a Vector of Pine Wood Nematodes, Using Flight Mills |
| title_sort | effects of sex age and body size on flight performance of i monochamus alternatus i coleoptera cerambycidae a vector of pine wood nematodes using flight mills |
| topic | pine wilt disease vector insects pine wood nematode <i>Monochamus</i> beetles flight capability |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/5/444 |
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