Development and evaluation of mPEG-PLLA polymeric micelles encapsulating enrofloxacin for enhanced solubility, bioavailability, and antibacterial performance

The aim of this study was to prepare polymeric micelles composed of enrofloxacin (ENR) and methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (mPEG-PLLA) using a solvent evaporation method to overcome the solubility-limited oral bioavailability of ENR. The formulation was optimized using a Box–Behnken des...

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Main Authors: Yanling Sun, Yanan Mao, Xin He, Xinghua Zhao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1595137/full
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author Yanling Sun
Yanan Mao
Xin He
Xinghua Zhao
author_facet Yanling Sun
Yanan Mao
Xin He
Xinghua Zhao
author_sort Yanling Sun
collection DOAJ
description The aim of this study was to prepare polymeric micelles composed of enrofloxacin (ENR) and methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (mPEG-PLLA) using a solvent evaporation method to overcome the solubility-limited oral bioavailability of ENR. The formulation was optimized using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) to obtain ENR polymeric micelles (ENR-m) with high drug loading (DL, %) and entrapment efficiency (EE, %). The physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release, pharmacokinetics, and antibacterial efficacy were evaluated in comparison to pure ENR. ENR-m was successfully prepared and demonstrated satisfactory drug loading (68.38 ± 0.22%), entrapment efficiency (88.40 ± 0.91%), particle size (PS) (133.67 ± 3.10 nm), and polydispersity index (PDI) (0.13 ± 0.03). The ENR-m also exhibited excellent stability under environmental conditions (40°C and 75% relative humidity (RH)). In vitro release of ENR from micelles was accelerated in a PBS solution. A pharmacokinetic study on beagles revealed that the oral bioavailability of ENR-m was enhanced by approximately 1.60-fold compared to pure ENR (p < 0.01) and by 1.66-fold compared to commercially available tablets of ENR (p < 0.01). The antibacterial activity of ENR-m against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) was stronger than that of pure ENR.
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spelling doaj-art-0fd34a588ba044ef8ceb231fbbcd3e572025-08-20T03:27:43ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692025-07-011210.3389/fvets.2025.15951371595137Development and evaluation of mPEG-PLLA polymeric micelles encapsulating enrofloxacin for enhanced solubility, bioavailability, and antibacterial performanceYanling SunYanan MaoXin HeXinghua ZhaoThe aim of this study was to prepare polymeric micelles composed of enrofloxacin (ENR) and methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (mPEG-PLLA) using a solvent evaporation method to overcome the solubility-limited oral bioavailability of ENR. The formulation was optimized using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) to obtain ENR polymeric micelles (ENR-m) with high drug loading (DL, %) and entrapment efficiency (EE, %). The physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release, pharmacokinetics, and antibacterial efficacy were evaluated in comparison to pure ENR. ENR-m was successfully prepared and demonstrated satisfactory drug loading (68.38 ± 0.22%), entrapment efficiency (88.40 ± 0.91%), particle size (PS) (133.67 ± 3.10 nm), and polydispersity index (PDI) (0.13 ± 0.03). The ENR-m also exhibited excellent stability under environmental conditions (40°C and 75% relative humidity (RH)). In vitro release of ENR from micelles was accelerated in a PBS solution. A pharmacokinetic study on beagles revealed that the oral bioavailability of ENR-m was enhanced by approximately 1.60-fold compared to pure ENR (p < 0.01) and by 1.66-fold compared to commercially available tablets of ENR (p < 0.01). The antibacterial activity of ENR-m against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) was stronger than that of pure ENR.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1595137/fullenrofloxacinMPEG-PLLAmicellesoral bioavailabilityantibacterial activity
spellingShingle Yanling Sun
Yanan Mao
Xin He
Xinghua Zhao
Development and evaluation of mPEG-PLLA polymeric micelles encapsulating enrofloxacin for enhanced solubility, bioavailability, and antibacterial performance
Frontiers in Veterinary Science
enrofloxacin
MPEG-PLLA
micelles
oral bioavailability
antibacterial activity
title Development and evaluation of mPEG-PLLA polymeric micelles encapsulating enrofloxacin for enhanced solubility, bioavailability, and antibacterial performance
title_full Development and evaluation of mPEG-PLLA polymeric micelles encapsulating enrofloxacin for enhanced solubility, bioavailability, and antibacterial performance
title_fullStr Development and evaluation of mPEG-PLLA polymeric micelles encapsulating enrofloxacin for enhanced solubility, bioavailability, and antibacterial performance
title_full_unstemmed Development and evaluation of mPEG-PLLA polymeric micelles encapsulating enrofloxacin for enhanced solubility, bioavailability, and antibacterial performance
title_short Development and evaluation of mPEG-PLLA polymeric micelles encapsulating enrofloxacin for enhanced solubility, bioavailability, and antibacterial performance
title_sort development and evaluation of mpeg plla polymeric micelles encapsulating enrofloxacin for enhanced solubility bioavailability and antibacterial performance
topic enrofloxacin
MPEG-PLLA
micelles
oral bioavailability
antibacterial activity
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1595137/full
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AT xinhe developmentandevaluationofmpegpllapolymericmicellesencapsulatingenrofloxacinforenhancedsolubilitybioavailabilityandantibacterialperformance
AT xinghuazhao developmentandevaluationofmpegpllapolymericmicellesencapsulatingenrofloxacinforenhancedsolubilitybioavailabilityandantibacterialperformance