Differential influences of island biogeographic effects on the diversity among three plant life-forms

Traditional island biogeography posits that area and remoteness are key determinants of species richness. However, this theory is challenged by recent changes in species dispersal patterns caused by human activity and climate change. These emerging factors may affect the species richness of differen...

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Main Authors: Saiqiang Li, Qinqin Pan, Xiaodong Yang, Yongchao Gao, Mingshan Xu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-04-01
Series:Global Ecology and Conservation
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989425001003
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author Saiqiang Li
Qinqin Pan
Xiaodong Yang
Yongchao Gao
Mingshan Xu
author_facet Saiqiang Li
Qinqin Pan
Xiaodong Yang
Yongchao Gao
Mingshan Xu
author_sort Saiqiang Li
collection DOAJ
description Traditional island biogeography posits that area and remoteness are key determinants of species richness. However, this theory is challenged by recent changes in species dispersal patterns caused by human activity and climate change. These emerging factors may affect the species richness of different plant life forms in distinct ways. While most studies focus on overall species richness, few have explored these factors separately influence trees, shrubs, and herbs. This study hypothesizes that the impacts of island area, remoteness, climate, and human activities vary across plant life-forms. By examining the species richness of three plant life-forms across 30 uninhabited islands on China's eastern continental shelf, we provide new insights into island biodiversity. We employed various statistical models and PLS-PM to interpret the mechanisms that maintain the richness of different plant life-forms. We found that species richness of total plants, trees, shrubs, and herbs showed a strong positive correlation with island area (0.36 ≤ R² ≤ 0.51, p < 0.01), while remoteness negatively affected total, tree, and shrub richness (0.15 ≤ R² ≤ 0.22, p < 0.05) but not herbs. Invasive plant richness increased with land use intensity and habitat heterogeneity (R² = 0.29, 0.47; p < 0.01). The PLS-PM showed that island biogeographic effects, climate, and human activities influence plant richness differently among the three plant life-forms. The area is a major determinant for shrub and herb richness, while remoteness has a more significant effect on tree species richness. Human activities positively affected tree richness but negatively affected shrub and herb richness. Climatic factors positively affected shrub species richness, but not tree and herb richness. Our study offers novel insights into island biogeography by exploring how island area, remoteness, climate, and human activities shape the diversity of trees, shrubs, and herbs. These findings underscore the importance of developing life-form-specific conservation strategies, especially in light of climate change and human influences.
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spelling doaj-art-0fc845cd5e524c5fbb37f0bf571a7cae2025-08-20T02:01:58ZengElsevierGlobal Ecology and Conservation2351-98942025-04-0158e0349910.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03499Differential influences of island biogeographic effects on the diversity among three plant life-formsSaiqiang Li0Qinqin Pan1Xiaodong Yang2Yongchao Gao3Mingshan Xu4Department of Geography &amp; Spatial Information/Center for Land and Marine Spatial Utilization and Governance Research, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, ChinaDepartment of Geography &amp; Spatial Information/Center for Land and Marine Spatial Utilization and Governance Research, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, ChinaDepartment of Geography &amp; Spatial Information/Center for Land and Marine Spatial Utilization and Governance Research, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Ningbo (Xiangshan) Marine Biodiversity Comprehensive Observation Station, Ningbo 315716, China; Corresponding author at: Department of Geography &amp; Spatial Information/Center for Land and Marine Spatial Utilization and Governance Research, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, ChinaDepartment of Geography &amp; Spatial Information/Center for Land and Marine Spatial Utilization and Governance Research, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, ChinaTraditional island biogeography posits that area and remoteness are key determinants of species richness. However, this theory is challenged by recent changes in species dispersal patterns caused by human activity and climate change. These emerging factors may affect the species richness of different plant life forms in distinct ways. While most studies focus on overall species richness, few have explored these factors separately influence trees, shrubs, and herbs. This study hypothesizes that the impacts of island area, remoteness, climate, and human activities vary across plant life-forms. By examining the species richness of three plant life-forms across 30 uninhabited islands on China's eastern continental shelf, we provide new insights into island biodiversity. We employed various statistical models and PLS-PM to interpret the mechanisms that maintain the richness of different plant life-forms. We found that species richness of total plants, trees, shrubs, and herbs showed a strong positive correlation with island area (0.36 ≤ R² ≤ 0.51, p < 0.01), while remoteness negatively affected total, tree, and shrub richness (0.15 ≤ R² ≤ 0.22, p < 0.05) but not herbs. Invasive plant richness increased with land use intensity and habitat heterogeneity (R² = 0.29, 0.47; p < 0.01). The PLS-PM showed that island biogeographic effects, climate, and human activities influence plant richness differently among the three plant life-forms. The area is a major determinant for shrub and herb richness, while remoteness has a more significant effect on tree species richness. Human activities positively affected tree richness but negatively affected shrub and herb richness. Climatic factors positively affected shrub species richness, but not tree and herb richness. Our study offers novel insights into island biogeography by exploring how island area, remoteness, climate, and human activities shape the diversity of trees, shrubs, and herbs. These findings underscore the importance of developing life-form-specific conservation strategies, especially in light of climate change and human influences.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989425001003Island biogeographic effectsHuman activitiesClimatic factorsThe continental shelf uninhabited islandPlant life-formsBiodiversity maintenance
spellingShingle Saiqiang Li
Qinqin Pan
Xiaodong Yang
Yongchao Gao
Mingshan Xu
Differential influences of island biogeographic effects on the diversity among three plant life-forms
Global Ecology and Conservation
Island biogeographic effects
Human activities
Climatic factors
The continental shelf uninhabited island
Plant life-forms
Biodiversity maintenance
title Differential influences of island biogeographic effects on the diversity among three plant life-forms
title_full Differential influences of island biogeographic effects on the diversity among three plant life-forms
title_fullStr Differential influences of island biogeographic effects on the diversity among three plant life-forms
title_full_unstemmed Differential influences of island biogeographic effects on the diversity among three plant life-forms
title_short Differential influences of island biogeographic effects on the diversity among three plant life-forms
title_sort differential influences of island biogeographic effects on the diversity among three plant life forms
topic Island biogeographic effects
Human activities
Climatic factors
The continental shelf uninhabited island
Plant life-forms
Biodiversity maintenance
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989425001003
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AT xiaodongyang differentialinfluencesofislandbiogeographiceffectsonthediversityamongthreeplantlifeforms
AT yongchaogao differentialinfluencesofislandbiogeographiceffectsonthediversityamongthreeplantlifeforms
AT mingshanxu differentialinfluencesofislandbiogeographiceffectsonthediversityamongthreeplantlifeforms