Triazine Calixarene as a Dual-Channel Chemosensor for the Reversible Detection of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and I<sup>−</sup> Ions via Water Content Modulation
Rationally designing and synthesizing chemosensors capable of simultaneously detecting both anions and cations via water content modulation is challenging. In this study, we synthesized and characterized a novel triazine calixarene derivative-based iodide and copper ion-selective fluorescent “turn-o...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Fuyong Wu Long Chen Mei Yu Liang Zhao Lu Jiang Tianzhu Shi Ju Guo Huayan Zheng Ruixiao Wang Mingrui Liao |
| author_facet | Fuyong Wu Long Chen Mei Yu Liang Zhao Lu Jiang Tianzhu Shi Ju Guo Huayan Zheng Ruixiao Wang Mingrui Liao |
| author_sort | Fuyong Wu |
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| description | Rationally designing and synthesizing chemosensors capable of simultaneously detecting both anions and cations via water content modulation is challenging. In this study, we synthesized and characterized a novel triazine calixarene derivative-based iodide and copper ion-selective fluorescent “turn-off” sensor. This dual-channeled fluorescent probe is able to recognize Cu<sup>2+</sup> and I<sup>−</sup> ions simultaneously in aqueous systems. The fluorescent sensor <b>s4</b> was synthesized by displacement reaction of acridine with 1, 3-bis (dichloro-mono-triazinoxy) benzene in acetonitrile. Mass spectrometry (MS), UV-vis, and fluorescence spectra were acquired to characterize the fluorescence response of <b>s4</b> to different cations and anions, while infrared (IR) spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) were employed to study the underlying selectivity mechanism of <b>s4</b> to Cu<sup>2+</sup> and I<sup>−</sup>. In detail, <b>s4</b> displayed extremely high sensitivity to Cu<sup>2+</sup> with over 80% fluorescence decrement caused by the paramagnetic nature of Cu<sup>2+</sup> in the aqueous media. The reversible fluorescence response to Cu<sup>2+</sup> and the responses to Cu<sup>2+</sup> in the solution of other potential interferent cations, such as Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Sr<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup> were also investigated. Probe <b>s4</b> also exhibited very good fluorescence selectivity to iodide ions under various anion (F<sup>−</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, Br<sup>−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>, ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>, PF<sub>6</sub><sup>−</sup>, AcO<sup>−</sup>, H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>) interferences. In addition to the fluorescent response to I<sup>−</sup>, <b>s4</b> showed a highly selective naked-eye-detectable color change from colorless to yellow with the other tested anions. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-0f9e430fdbde48669c79bf38b61a431c2025-08-20T02:36:22ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-06-013013281510.3390/molecules30132815Triazine Calixarene as a Dual-Channel Chemosensor for the Reversible Detection of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and I<sup>−</sup> Ions via Water Content ModulationFuyong Wu0Long Chen1Mei Yu2Liang Zhao3Lu Jiang4Tianzhu Shi5Ju Guo6Huayan Zheng7Ruixiao Wang8Mingrui Liao9Department of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, ChinaDepartment of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, ChinaDepartment of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, ChinaDepartment of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, ChinaDepartment of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, ChinaDepartment of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, ChinaDepartment of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, ChinaDepartment of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, ChinaKey Laboratory of Macrocycle and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550025, ChinaBiological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UKRationally designing and synthesizing chemosensors capable of simultaneously detecting both anions and cations via water content modulation is challenging. In this study, we synthesized and characterized a novel triazine calixarene derivative-based iodide and copper ion-selective fluorescent “turn-off” sensor. This dual-channeled fluorescent probe is able to recognize Cu<sup>2+</sup> and I<sup>−</sup> ions simultaneously in aqueous systems. The fluorescent sensor <b>s4</b> was synthesized by displacement reaction of acridine with 1, 3-bis (dichloro-mono-triazinoxy) benzene in acetonitrile. Mass spectrometry (MS), UV-vis, and fluorescence spectra were acquired to characterize the fluorescence response of <b>s4</b> to different cations and anions, while infrared (IR) spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) were employed to study the underlying selectivity mechanism of <b>s4</b> to Cu<sup>2+</sup> and I<sup>−</sup>. In detail, <b>s4</b> displayed extremely high sensitivity to Cu<sup>2+</sup> with over 80% fluorescence decrement caused by the paramagnetic nature of Cu<sup>2+</sup> in the aqueous media. The reversible fluorescence response to Cu<sup>2+</sup> and the responses to Cu<sup>2+</sup> in the solution of other potential interferent cations, such as Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Sr<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup> were also investigated. Probe <b>s4</b> also exhibited very good fluorescence selectivity to iodide ions under various anion (F<sup>−</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, Br<sup>−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>, ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>, PF<sub>6</sub><sup>−</sup>, AcO<sup>−</sup>, H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>) interferences. In addition to the fluorescent response to I<sup>−</sup>, <b>s4</b> showed a highly selective naked-eye-detectable color change from colorless to yellow with the other tested anions.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/13/2815fluorescent probedual-channel ion detectionCu<sup>2+</sup>/I<sup>−</sup> selectivityreversible fluorescent response |
| spellingShingle | Fuyong Wu Long Chen Mei Yu Liang Zhao Lu Jiang Tianzhu Shi Ju Guo Huayan Zheng Ruixiao Wang Mingrui Liao Triazine Calixarene as a Dual-Channel Chemosensor for the Reversible Detection of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and I<sup>−</sup> Ions via Water Content Modulation Molecules fluorescent probe dual-channel ion detection Cu<sup>2+</sup>/I<sup>−</sup> selectivity reversible fluorescent response |
| title | Triazine Calixarene as a Dual-Channel Chemosensor for the Reversible Detection of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and I<sup>−</sup> Ions via Water Content Modulation |
| title_full | Triazine Calixarene as a Dual-Channel Chemosensor for the Reversible Detection of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and I<sup>−</sup> Ions via Water Content Modulation |
| title_fullStr | Triazine Calixarene as a Dual-Channel Chemosensor for the Reversible Detection of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and I<sup>−</sup> Ions via Water Content Modulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Triazine Calixarene as a Dual-Channel Chemosensor for the Reversible Detection of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and I<sup>−</sup> Ions via Water Content Modulation |
| title_short | Triazine Calixarene as a Dual-Channel Chemosensor for the Reversible Detection of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and I<sup>−</sup> Ions via Water Content Modulation |
| title_sort | triazine calixarene as a dual channel chemosensor for the reversible detection of cu sup 2 sup and i sup sup ions via water content modulation |
| topic | fluorescent probe dual-channel ion detection Cu<sup>2+</sup>/I<sup>−</sup> selectivity reversible fluorescent response |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/13/2815 |
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