MRSA Profiles Reveal Age- and Gender-Specificity in a Tertiary Care Hospital: High Burden in ICU Elderly and Emerging Community Patterns in Youth
Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) is a devastating global health concern. Hypervirulent strains are on the rise, causing morbidities and mortalities worldwide. In tertiary care hospitals, critically ill patients, those undergoing invasive procedures, and pediatric...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-05-01
|
| Series: | Microorganisms |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/5/1078 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850126524313763840 |
|---|---|
| author | Kamaleldin B. Said Khalid Alshammari Ruba M. Elsaid Ahmed Fawwaz Alshammari Ahmed H. Jadani Ihab Rakha Salem A. Almijrad Anwar E. Almallahi Bader Alkharisi Naif M. Altamimi Tarig Mahmoud Nada A. Abozaid Amal D. Alshammari |
| author_facet | Kamaleldin B. Said Khalid Alshammari Ruba M. Elsaid Ahmed Fawwaz Alshammari Ahmed H. Jadani Ihab Rakha Salem A. Almijrad Anwar E. Almallahi Bader Alkharisi Naif M. Altamimi Tarig Mahmoud Nada A. Abozaid Amal D. Alshammari |
| author_sort | Kamaleldin B. Said |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) is a devastating global health concern. Hypervirulent strains are on the rise, causing morbidities and mortalities worldwide. In tertiary care hospitals, critically ill patients, those undergoing invasive procedures, and pediatric and geriatric patients are at risk. It is not fully clear how strains adapt and specialize in humans and emerge despite the well-established commonality of the <i>S. aureus</i> genome from humans and animals. This study investigates the influence of age-, gender-, and source-specific profiles (clinical, intensive care unit (ICU vs. non-ICU)) on the evolution of hospital-associated (HA)-MRSA versus community-associated (CA)-MRSA lineages. A total of 253 non-duplicate <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were obtained from May 2023 to March 2025. The patients were stratified by age and gender in ICUs and non-ICUs. Standard microbiology methods and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines were used for identification and susceptibility testing, with cefoxitin and oxacillin disk diffusions and molecular diagnosis confirming MRSA. Mann–Whitney U and Chi-square tests assessed the demographic distributions, clinical specimen sources, and MRSA/methicillin-sensitive <i>S. aureus</i> (MSSA) prevalence. Of 253, 41.9% originated from ICUs (71% male; 29% female) and 58.1% from non-ICU wards (64% male; 36% female). In both settings, MRSA colonized the two extremes of age (10–29 and 70+) for males and females, with different mid-life peaks or declines by gender. However, the overall demographic distribution did not differ significantly between the ICU and non-ICU groups (<i>p</i> = 0.287). Respiratory specimens constituted 37% and had the highest MRSA rate (42%), followed by blood (24.5%) and wounds (10.3%). In contrast, MSSA dominated wounds (20.3%). Overall, 73.9% were resistant to cefoxitin and cefotaxime, whereas vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, and tigecycline remained highly effective. Younger non-ICU patients (10–29) had higher MSSA, whereas older ICU ones showed pronounced HA-MRSA profiles. By the virtue of methicillin resistance, all MRSA were classified as multidrug resistance. Thus, MRSA colonization of the two extremes of life mostly in ICU seniors and the dominance of invasive MSSA and CA-MRSA patterns in non-ICU youth imply early age- and gender-specific adaptations of the three lineages. MRSA colonizes both ICU and non-ICU populations at extremes of age and gender specifically. High β-lactam resistance underscores the importance of robust stewardship and age- and gender-specific targeting in screening. These findings also indicate host- and organ-specificity in the sequalae of MSSA, CA-MRSA, and HA-MRSA evolutionary dynamics, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance to mitigate MRSA transmission and optimize patient outcomes in tertiary care settings. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0f59e354c4ac46fdae5db6e10912fd5f |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-0f59e354c4ac46fdae5db6e10912fd5f2025-08-20T02:33:55ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-05-01135107810.3390/microorganisms13051078MRSA Profiles Reveal Age- and Gender-Specificity in a Tertiary Care Hospital: High Burden in ICU Elderly and Emerging Community Patterns in YouthKamaleldin B. Said0Khalid Alshammari1Ruba M. Elsaid Ahmed2Fawwaz Alshammari3Ahmed H. Jadani4Ihab Rakha5Salem A. Almijrad6Anwar E. Almallahi7Bader Alkharisi8Naif M. Altamimi9Tarig Mahmoud10Nada A. Abozaid11Amal D. Alshammari12Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55462, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55462, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55462, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55462, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55462, Saudi ArabiaDepartments of Clinical Microbiology, King Khalid Hospital, Ha’il 55462, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55462, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55462, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55462, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55462, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55476, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Health Administration, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55462, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55462, Saudi ArabiaMethicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) is a devastating global health concern. Hypervirulent strains are on the rise, causing morbidities and mortalities worldwide. In tertiary care hospitals, critically ill patients, those undergoing invasive procedures, and pediatric and geriatric patients are at risk. It is not fully clear how strains adapt and specialize in humans and emerge despite the well-established commonality of the <i>S. aureus</i> genome from humans and animals. This study investigates the influence of age-, gender-, and source-specific profiles (clinical, intensive care unit (ICU vs. non-ICU)) on the evolution of hospital-associated (HA)-MRSA versus community-associated (CA)-MRSA lineages. A total of 253 non-duplicate <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were obtained from May 2023 to March 2025. The patients were stratified by age and gender in ICUs and non-ICUs. Standard microbiology methods and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines were used for identification and susceptibility testing, with cefoxitin and oxacillin disk diffusions and molecular diagnosis confirming MRSA. Mann–Whitney U and Chi-square tests assessed the demographic distributions, clinical specimen sources, and MRSA/methicillin-sensitive <i>S. aureus</i> (MSSA) prevalence. Of 253, 41.9% originated from ICUs (71% male; 29% female) and 58.1% from non-ICU wards (64% male; 36% female). In both settings, MRSA colonized the two extremes of age (10–29 and 70+) for males and females, with different mid-life peaks or declines by gender. However, the overall demographic distribution did not differ significantly between the ICU and non-ICU groups (<i>p</i> = 0.287). Respiratory specimens constituted 37% and had the highest MRSA rate (42%), followed by blood (24.5%) and wounds (10.3%). In contrast, MSSA dominated wounds (20.3%). Overall, 73.9% were resistant to cefoxitin and cefotaxime, whereas vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, and tigecycline remained highly effective. Younger non-ICU patients (10–29) had higher MSSA, whereas older ICU ones showed pronounced HA-MRSA profiles. By the virtue of methicillin resistance, all MRSA were classified as multidrug resistance. Thus, MRSA colonization of the two extremes of life mostly in ICU seniors and the dominance of invasive MSSA and CA-MRSA patterns in non-ICU youth imply early age- and gender-specific adaptations of the three lineages. MRSA colonizes both ICU and non-ICU populations at extremes of age and gender specifically. High β-lactam resistance underscores the importance of robust stewardship and age- and gender-specific targeting in screening. These findings also indicate host- and organ-specificity in the sequalae of MSSA, CA-MRSA, and HA-MRSA evolutionary dynamics, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance to mitigate MRSA transmission and optimize patient outcomes in tertiary care settings.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/5/1078<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>MRSAMSSAtertiary care hospitalantibiotic resistanceICU |
| spellingShingle | Kamaleldin B. Said Khalid Alshammari Ruba M. Elsaid Ahmed Fawwaz Alshammari Ahmed H. Jadani Ihab Rakha Salem A. Almijrad Anwar E. Almallahi Bader Alkharisi Naif M. Altamimi Tarig Mahmoud Nada A. Abozaid Amal D. Alshammari MRSA Profiles Reveal Age- and Gender-Specificity in a Tertiary Care Hospital: High Burden in ICU Elderly and Emerging Community Patterns in Youth Microorganisms <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> MRSA MSSA tertiary care hospital antibiotic resistance ICU |
| title | MRSA Profiles Reveal Age- and Gender-Specificity in a Tertiary Care Hospital: High Burden in ICU Elderly and Emerging Community Patterns in Youth |
| title_full | MRSA Profiles Reveal Age- and Gender-Specificity in a Tertiary Care Hospital: High Burden in ICU Elderly and Emerging Community Patterns in Youth |
| title_fullStr | MRSA Profiles Reveal Age- and Gender-Specificity in a Tertiary Care Hospital: High Burden in ICU Elderly and Emerging Community Patterns in Youth |
| title_full_unstemmed | MRSA Profiles Reveal Age- and Gender-Specificity in a Tertiary Care Hospital: High Burden in ICU Elderly and Emerging Community Patterns in Youth |
| title_short | MRSA Profiles Reveal Age- and Gender-Specificity in a Tertiary Care Hospital: High Burden in ICU Elderly and Emerging Community Patterns in Youth |
| title_sort | mrsa profiles reveal age and gender specificity in a tertiary care hospital high burden in icu elderly and emerging community patterns in youth |
| topic | <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> MRSA MSSA tertiary care hospital antibiotic resistance ICU |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/5/1078 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kamaleldinbsaid mrsaprofilesrevealageandgenderspecificityinatertiarycarehospitalhighburdeninicuelderlyandemergingcommunitypatternsinyouth AT khalidalshammari mrsaprofilesrevealageandgenderspecificityinatertiarycarehospitalhighburdeninicuelderlyandemergingcommunitypatternsinyouth AT rubamelsaidahmed mrsaprofilesrevealageandgenderspecificityinatertiarycarehospitalhighburdeninicuelderlyandemergingcommunitypatternsinyouth AT fawwazalshammari mrsaprofilesrevealageandgenderspecificityinatertiarycarehospitalhighburdeninicuelderlyandemergingcommunitypatternsinyouth AT ahmedhjadani mrsaprofilesrevealageandgenderspecificityinatertiarycarehospitalhighburdeninicuelderlyandemergingcommunitypatternsinyouth AT ihabrakha mrsaprofilesrevealageandgenderspecificityinatertiarycarehospitalhighburdeninicuelderlyandemergingcommunitypatternsinyouth AT salemaalmijrad mrsaprofilesrevealageandgenderspecificityinatertiarycarehospitalhighburdeninicuelderlyandemergingcommunitypatternsinyouth AT anwarealmallahi mrsaprofilesrevealageandgenderspecificityinatertiarycarehospitalhighburdeninicuelderlyandemergingcommunitypatternsinyouth AT baderalkharisi mrsaprofilesrevealageandgenderspecificityinatertiarycarehospitalhighburdeninicuelderlyandemergingcommunitypatternsinyouth AT naifmaltamimi mrsaprofilesrevealageandgenderspecificityinatertiarycarehospitalhighburdeninicuelderlyandemergingcommunitypatternsinyouth AT tarigmahmoud mrsaprofilesrevealageandgenderspecificityinatertiarycarehospitalhighburdeninicuelderlyandemergingcommunitypatternsinyouth AT nadaaabozaid mrsaprofilesrevealageandgenderspecificityinatertiarycarehospitalhighburdeninicuelderlyandemergingcommunitypatternsinyouth AT amaldalshammari mrsaprofilesrevealageandgenderspecificityinatertiarycarehospitalhighburdeninicuelderlyandemergingcommunitypatternsinyouth |