Is There an Early Gender Gap in School Readiness Among 3-4-year-old Children? Evidence from Ghana

Gender inequalities in education persist in developing countries, but comprehensive policies to address them are often lacking. Using microlevel data from Ghana’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), we investigated the presence of an early gender gap in school readiness among 3-4-year-old chil...

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Main Authors: Jean Louis Bago, Moussa Ouédraogo, Marie Madeleine Ouoba
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Istanbul University Press 2025-02-01
Series:İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi
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Online Access:https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5250D651E157422D8BD9348265F5CB68
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author Jean Louis Bago
Moussa Ouédraogo
Marie Madeleine Ouoba
author_facet Jean Louis Bago
Moussa Ouédraogo
Marie Madeleine Ouoba
author_sort Jean Louis Bago
collection DOAJ
description Gender inequalities in education persist in developing countries, but comprehensive policies to address them are often lacking. Using microlevel data from Ghana’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), we investigated the presence of an early gender gap in school readiness among 3-4-year-old children. First, we built two multidimensional indexes of school readiness that account for children’s ability to read, count, recognise numbers, interact with peers and others, follow rules and be independent for their health outcomes and physical skills. Second, we estimated the gender gap while controlling for factors affecting school readiness using regional fixed effects. We found no evidence of a gender difference in children’s school readiness. This result is robust to several specifications and sensitivity tests. In contrast, the results showed that a mother’s education, a father’s involvement and the fact of living in an urban area are positively associated with school readiness for both boys and girls. Based on these findings, we argue that the educational gender gap in Ghana most likely reflects the unequal access to schooling opportunities between boys and girls. Hence, policy makers should target the barriers in school access for both boys and girls to achieve educational gender equity.
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series İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi
spelling doaj-art-0effdf8cddbe456fa097a8c3f8de47152025-08-20T03:52:47ZengIstanbul University Pressİktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi2148-38762025-02-01121284410.26650/JEPR1329603123456Is There an Early Gender Gap in School Readiness Among 3-4-year-old Children? Evidence from GhanaJean Louis Bagohttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9395-7391Moussa Ouédraogo0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0427-2276Marie Madeleine Ouoba1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5346-9326Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir, TürkiyeUniversité virtuelle du Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina-FasoGender inequalities in education persist in developing countries, but comprehensive policies to address them are often lacking. Using microlevel data from Ghana’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), we investigated the presence of an early gender gap in school readiness among 3-4-year-old children. First, we built two multidimensional indexes of school readiness that account for children’s ability to read, count, recognise numbers, interact with peers and others, follow rules and be independent for their health outcomes and physical skills. Second, we estimated the gender gap while controlling for factors affecting school readiness using regional fixed effects. We found no evidence of a gender difference in children’s school readiness. This result is robust to several specifications and sensitivity tests. In contrast, the results showed that a mother’s education, a father’s involvement and the fact of living in an urban area are positively associated with school readiness for both boys and girls. Based on these findings, we argue that the educational gender gap in Ghana most likely reflects the unequal access to schooling opportunities between boys and girls. Hence, policy makers should target the barriers in school access for both boys and girls to achieve educational gender equity.https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5250D651E157422D8BD9348265F5CB68gender gapschool readinessghana
spellingShingle Jean Louis Bago
Moussa Ouédraogo
Marie Madeleine Ouoba
Is There an Early Gender Gap in School Readiness Among 3-4-year-old Children? Evidence from Ghana
İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi
gender gap
school readiness
ghana
title Is There an Early Gender Gap in School Readiness Among 3-4-year-old Children? Evidence from Ghana
title_full Is There an Early Gender Gap in School Readiness Among 3-4-year-old Children? Evidence from Ghana
title_fullStr Is There an Early Gender Gap in School Readiness Among 3-4-year-old Children? Evidence from Ghana
title_full_unstemmed Is There an Early Gender Gap in School Readiness Among 3-4-year-old Children? Evidence from Ghana
title_short Is There an Early Gender Gap in School Readiness Among 3-4-year-old Children? Evidence from Ghana
title_sort is there an early gender gap in school readiness among 3 4 year old children evidence from ghana
topic gender gap
school readiness
ghana
url https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5250D651E157422D8BD9348265F5CB68
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